1. Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation

2. Section 1 – Timeline Review

3. Timeline Review 1775: Second Continental Congress –First met in response to the Intolerable Acts –Governed the U.S. for 6 years 1781: Articles of Confederation –Effective March 1 –Power to: Have an army Declare war Deal with Native Americans Start a mail service Borrow money Ask states for money to run national government

4. Timeline Review 1781: Articles of Confederation –Trouble right away No power to: –Tax people to raise money –Settle arguments between states –Control trade among states Large states angry that smaller states had same amount of power in Congress 1783: Treaty of Paris –Ended American Revolution

5. Timeline Review After the American Revolution, the U.S. suffered economic depression –Business activity slows –Prices and wages fall –Unemployment rises Shays’ Rebellion 1786 –Daniel Shays, leader Farmer, Amer. Rev. war captain –MA farmers protesting foreclosure attack courthouses –MA legislature sent in militia

6. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 1 st law: Land Ordinance of 1785 –Set up a method of surveying or measuring land »One of most important items in the ordinance »Land was divided into townships »One section to be kept for schools »Still used in much of U.S. today –Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River, west of the Appalachians) and later land west of Mississippi River was measured this way

7. Land Ordinance of 1785 654321 789101112 181716*151413 192021222324 302928272625 313233343536 Township ______, Section ____, ______________

8. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 2 nd law: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 –Organized Northwest Territory »Set up government & outlawed slavery »Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future –A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers –When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

9. The U.S. Grows Territory (definition) = land belonging to U.S. but not yet divided into states –People had same freedoms as others living in states Northwest Territory –Native Americans not happy –President Washington later sent several military forces to fight Native Americans

12. 2 Laws passed by Congress while under Articles of Confederation - REVIEW LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 –Set up a method of surveying or measuring land One of most important items in the ordinance Land was divided into townships One section to be kept for schools Still used in much of U.S. today –Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River, west of Appalachians) was measured this way NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 –Organized Northwest Territory Set up government & outlawed slavery Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future –A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers –When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

13. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –In June, George Washington headed meeting of leaders in Philadelphia to improve Articles of Confederation –They decided instead to write a new plan for government –James Madison, historian

14. James Madison 1787 Constitutional Convention historian Father of U.S. Constitution

15. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise –Allowed slave trade for at least 20 years –On September 17, the new Constitution of U.S. was completed

16. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Federalists – supported the new Constitution Favored a strong national government James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay –Antifederalists – opposed the new Constitution Favored strong State governments Main argument was the Constitution had no Bill of Rights Most people were afraid the Constitution: –made national government too strong –made States too weak –gave President too much power

17. Timeline Review Bill of Rights –Written list of freedoms that government promises to protect

18. Wrote the Federalist Papers defending the Constitution James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

19. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Thomas Jefferson suggested adding Bill of Rights To help protect rights of Americans –9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution for it to become effective 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified –Became the law –George Washington became 1 st President on April 30, 1789

20. George Washington John Adams 1 st President 1 st Vice President George Washington had great power, but not nearly as much as a king

21. The Articles of Confederation The Constitution Unicameral –Each state one vote 9 of 13 states approve laws No executive branch No judicial branch Only states can tax Each state can coin money Each state can regulate trade with other states Each state can act independently Bicameral –Senate and House of Reps Majority of each house approves laws Executive branch, headed by President, carries out laws Judicial branch, headed by Supreme Court, interprets laws Congress can tax Only Congress can coin money Only Congress can regulate trade between states States accept Constitution as supreme law of land

22. Section 2 – George Washington Administration 1789-1797

23. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary Handle relations with other nations –War Henry Knox, Secretary Handle military matters

24. 1789-1797 2009 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Hillary Clinton Secretary of War Henry Knox Secretary of Defense Robert Gates

25. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary Handle money matters & raise money for government

26. 1789-1797 2009 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton Timothy Geithner

27. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress

28. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress Cabinet (members) –Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State –Henry Knox – Secretary of War –Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury –Edmund Randolph – Attorney General Handle legal matters

29. 1789-1797 2009 Attorney General Edmund Randolph Eric Holder

30. Alexander Hamilton Started Bank of U.S. Government debt –One of his biggest problems –Taxed liquor made & sold in U.S. Whiskey Rebellion 1794

31. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 For a nation to become great, its laws must be obeyed Whiskey Rebellion 1794 –First problem to challenge Washington –Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax –Washington sent an army of 15,000 to Pennsylvania –Government’s show of strength worked & farmers paid the tax

32. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 1789 French Revolution –At first, most Americans wanted to support French –But when it turned radically violent, Americans became divided –Pres. Washington wanted to remain neutral He wanted to stay out of “squabbles” of European nations He issued the Neutrality Proclamation –U.S. would not support either side –Forbade Americans from aiding French in any way –Purpose: Keep U.S. out of war

33. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 July 1790 –Congress passed bill providing for new capital city Washington D.C. Not part of any state

34. Washington, D.C.

35. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington was President for 2 terms –In 1796, he said no one should be president more than twice – setting a precedent John Adams was elected 2 nd President Washington retired to his home in Mt. Vernon, Virginia

36. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington’s Farewell Address –Announced his retirement –Cautioned U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances” Otherwise, U.S. would get pulled into war –Urged U.S. to remain neutral in relations with other countries Warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs –This advice guided American foreign policy for many years –Urged Americans to avoid political parties