1. FINGERPRINTING

2. Can any two people have the same fingerprint?

3. Basic Principles
According to criminal investigators, fingerprints follow 3 fundamental principles:
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern.
A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases.
Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

4. Basic Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based
upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls.
Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below.
Loop
Radial Loop
Ulnar loop
Arch
Plain arch
Tented arch
Whorl
Plain whorl
Central pocket whorl
Double loop whorl
Accidental

5. Which type is the most common?

6. Dactyloscopy
Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. dactylograms are otherwise known as fingerprints.

7. Arches
Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other.
No deltas are present.
5% of prints are arches
Can be plain or tented

8. Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side.
Plain Arch
Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side.

9. Tented Arch Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center.
By definition, the angle of the lines on a tented arch meets at less than a 90-degree angle.

10. bsapp.com

11. Loops
Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side.
These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones.
Ulnar loops open towards the ulna
Radial loops open towards the radius
NOTE: On the right hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

12. Radial Loops
A radial loop opens toward the thumb

13. Ulnar Loops
An ulnar loop opens toward the little finger

14. Whorls
Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit.
They also have at least two deltas.
If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.
Whorls can be plain, central pocket, double loop, or accidental.

15. Whorls Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl
Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

16. Double Loop Whorl
Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.

17. Accidental
Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

18. Identify each fingerprint pattern.? A B
Right Hand
Left Hand C
Right Hand E D
Right Hand
Left Hand

19. Directions
1st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard!
2nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint.
3rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet.
4th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.

20. GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!
Avoid Partial Prints
GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

21. If no two people have the same print; then what happened in the Brandon Mayfield case?

22. Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification.
A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger.
The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes.
The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.
Did you know?
1Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May Image from

23. Fingerprint Matching
When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification.
At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints.
However, the United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points while Australia requires twelve.
There is no minimum in the US.

24. AFIS
AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. 
Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against the state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case.

25. Ridge Characteristics
Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

26. Ridge Characteristics
Crossover
Core
Bifurcation (fork)
Ridge ending
Island
Delta
Pore
Scar
EXAMPLE

27. How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?

28. Try It!
1 – Blow up your balloon about halfway and twist the end to keep the air from coming out. Do not tie it off!
2 – Use an ink pad to make a print with all of your fingers and label each one with a permanent marker. Write your name on the balloon as well.
3 – Blow up the balloon to full size and tie the end.
4 – Analyze the fingerprints to find several ridge structures that we have discussed. Use a highlighter to mark these structures on your “My Prints” worksheet.
Think About It!
Which ridge structures were most common in your fingerprints?
Which ridge structures were most common in your group?
Were there any structures that were not found in any of the fingerprints?
Balloon Fingerprint Activity:

29. Categories of Prints
Visible prints are made after coming in contact with colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink.
Plastic prints are ridge impressions left on a soft material such as putty, wax, soap, or dust.
Latent prints (invisible prints) are caused by the transfer of body perspiration or oils present on the finger to the surface of an object.
Latent prints must be developed or made visible

30. Latent prints are impressions left by friction ridge skin on a surface, such as a tool handle, glass, door, etc.
Prints may be collected by revealing them with a dusting of black powder and then lifted with a piece of clear tape.
Did you know? Camel hair is the most common animal hair used to make fingerprint brushes. Now many brushes (like the one above) are made out of fiberglass.

31. Cover Surface With Dust
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32. Remove Excess Dust
Brush or Blow
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33. Use Tape to Lift the Print
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34. Place Print on a Card
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35. Some investigators use fluorescent powder and UV lights to help them find latent prints on multi-colored or dark surfaces.
Magnetic powder can also be used to reveal latent prints. This type of powder works better on shiny surfaces or plastic baggies or containers.
The cyanoacrylate fuming method (often called the super glue method) is a procedure that is used to develop latent fingerprints on a variety of objects.
Ninhydrin is a chemical that bonds with the amino acids in fingerprints and will produce a blue or purple color. It is used to lift prints from surfaces such as paper and cardboard.
Top Left:
Bottom Left:
Bottom Right:

36. Iodine Fuming Appropriate Surface:
porous and non-porous such as paper, index cards, magazines, and cardboard.
Theory:
Sweat and oil will
absorb iodine vapors
--TEMPORARY!