1. How do we see inside the Earth? What do we use? __________________________ Seismology ____________________________ What do we know that produces seismic waves?

2. P-waves “P” or Primary waves –_______________ –Travel through all mediums ( solid, liquid and air)

3. “S” Waves “S” or Secondary waves –_______________ –Vibrate ____________/ ____________ –_____________ than “P” waves –Only travel through _______________

4. The Crust ________ __________ Like an eggshell ___________ Can crack Two regions: –______________ (Basalt rock) –______________ (granite rock) Crust is _______ dense than the mantle Like ice on water; the crust _____________ on the mantle

5. The Mantle _____________ Like the crust –__________ Iron, magnesium, calcium are heavier elements Mantle is ________ dense How does the Earth’s crust add to the density of the mantle? __________ ___________ down on the mantle…it compresses the minerals, increasing the pressure and squeezing them into rocks.

6. The Mantle Higher temperature Why? __________ Decay of radioactive elements

7. Layers of The Mantle Upper mantle ___________ –Rigid rock upper portion of upper mantle ___________ –Lies beneath lithosphere and “__________” like plastic –It is ________…silly putty Lower mantle

8. The Core ________ layers: inner and outer core ____ Earth’s volume ____ Earth’s mass 2x as dense as the Earth’s mantle Why? Made of _____ ______ Inner core is VERY hot! Some places as hot as the surface of the sun!

9. The Inner Core ______ –How? –__________ from Earth keeps Iron packed tightly; doesn’t allow it’s atoms to ______

10. The Outer Core Outer Core –_______ Iron –_______ pressure –_____ and _____ as Earth rotates –Creates _______ _________ –Affects Earth’s ________ –Produces _______ ______ –Possibly responsible for Earth’s magnetic field

11. Convection Currents What are convection currents? ________ of heat flows from ______ to ______ This sets up a convection current in the ________

12. Effects of Convection Currents When the current comes at a weaker part of the ________, for example at a _______, ________ comes above the earth's surface. This is called ______ _______. The movement of these plates goes very slowly. The _______ of two tectonic plates causes an _________. The ________ _______ along the bottom of the _______ causes the moving of the tectonic plates.

13. Continental Drift & Tectonic Plates __________ Hypothesis on Continental Drift The World’s continents are in ________ At one time, the continents were ______ together as one… This was known as _______ They fit together like a jigsaw puzzle

14. Continental Drift Wegner’s theory proposed the landmass known as _______ started breaking up Separated into two parts: ______ and ________ Wegner’s theory of the separation of Pangea was supported by ______, _________, _________ and _________ evidence

15. Seafloor Spreading Seafloor is not _________ Constantly _________ itself ____ ________ ______ (longest & tallest mountain range in the world, center of the ________ Ocean) Forms ________: Iceland and Azore There are _______ in the mountains

16. Plate tectonics __________ move because they are _________ in plates The plates shuffle or move _____ of the Earth’s surface Plates move in _______ _______ and different ______ from each other There are ______ large plates and several smaller plates

18. Plate Boundaries _________ Boundaries –Plates move _____from each other –Comes from rock in the ______________ –Partially melted –The rock partially melts = _______ –It was _____ before it left the _______ of the Earth

19. Convergent boundaries Plates move _______ each other

20. Transform fault boundaries Plates ______ ______ each other

22. Earthquakes Devastating ______ (force) applied to _____ Stress causes ______ Eventually the rock cannot bend anymore It breaks and releases ______ ______ The released energy ( ______ _____) travel out in all directions

23. Earthquakes cont The initiating site of the seismic wave: _______ The point at Earth’s surface directly above the focus: ________ Measured on a _______ _______ ( the increments are _____ fold in magnitude…)

24. Tsunami Seismic sea wave Created by an __________