1. CHAPTER 8.2 MEASURING EARTHQUAKES The study of SEISMOLOGY (earthquake waves) dates back 2000 years. 1. HSW: Earthquakes: The Science of Earthquake Prediction 2. HSW: Earthquakes: The Science of Earthquakes

2. Earthquakes Waves Surface Waves = seismic waves that travel along earth’s surface. Shakes anything that they hit. Pg 224 Figure 7E & 7F Shaking trees video

3. Body Waves = seismic waves that travel through Earth’s interior. P waves = push- pull waves (compression waves) Alternates compressing and expanding material. Pg 224 Figure 7A & 7B Compare P and S Waves http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/co ntent/visualizations/es1002/es1002page01.cfm?chapter _no=visualization P Waves

4. Body Waves = seismic waves that travel through Earth’s interior. S waves = up-down waves Shakes particles at right angles to the direction they are traveling. Pg 224 Figure 7C & 7D S Waves

5. Surface Waves – Ocean type http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/simulations/movies/sf1906livermore.mov

6. Seismogram = shows all three types of seismic waves – surface waves, P waves, and S waves. P waves travel fastest. S waves travel 1.7x slower than P waves. Surface waves travel slowest (90% of the speed of S waves. Pg 223 Figure 6 How a Seismograph works. http://piers.wikispaces.com/How+a+seismogram+works+animation P waveS wave Surface waves

7. 1 min Locating Earthquake Distance 1 min 3800 miles from station to epicenter 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

8. Draw a circle correlating to the number of miles determined using the travel-time graph. Repeat with two more seismograms and drawing two more circles. Where the circles intersect is the epicenter! 3800 mi EPICENTER

9. Same techniques apply when using a map! Now try your hand at the Exploration Lab on page 240.

10. 500 mi

11. Earthquake zones 95% of major earthquakes occur in a few narrow zones. Ring of Fire around pacific rim.

12. A simple pattern of high intensity close to the San Andreas Fault, dropping off with distance. But why is there a disconnected island of high intensity in central California? The band of low (IV) intensity parallel to the coast coincides with the Coast Ranges. Soils here are very shallow - usually less than a meter to bedrock. Observers here felt mostly a sharp jolt. In contrast, the high intensity in central California coincides with the Central Valley, where young and unconsolidated sediments are kilometers deep. Unconsolidated material shakes like jelly in an earthquake. Note how intensity VI follows the shoreline of San Francisco Bay, where there are also thick unconsolidated sediments. Two types of measurements to describe the size of an earthquake. Intensity = amount of shaking

13. Google.com search “earthquakes” to see current earthquakes and access maps. Magnitude = quantitative measurement rely on calculations. Used by reporters.

14. Chile 1960 moment magnitude map Moment Magnitude More precise. Used by scientists. Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone. More precise. Used by scientists. Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone. Derived from Average movement along the fault. Area of surface break. Strength of broken rock. Most widely used measurement for earthquakes. Estimates energy released. Most widely used measurement for earthquakes. Estimates energy released. Pg 227 Table 1

15. 1886 Charleston SC 1923 Tokyo 1960 Chile 1964 Alaska1970 Peru 1971 San Fernando, CA 1985 Mexico City 1988 Armenia 1989 Loma Prieta, CA 1990 Iran 1993 Latur, India 1994 Northridge, CA1995 Kobe, Japan 1999 Izmit, Turkey1999 Chi Chi, Taiwan2001 El Salvador2001 Bhuj, India