1. Groundwater Dr. R. B. Schultz

2. Groundwater Groundwater is water, which originates from the infiltration of fluids through the soil profile and accumulates below the earth's surface in a porous layer. Porosity is the percentage of open void space in the subsurface material. It is expressed as a percent. connected pore space Permeability is how readily a fluid can flow through a material. Often referred to as "connected pore space". Pieziometric surface is the surface in which water is pushed up to by the pressure below. Spring is where water flows out without the aid of pumping. It may be caused by hydrostatic pressure (pressure pushing upward), or the intersection of the pieziometric surface with the ground surface. Also referred to as an Artesian System. An aquifer is the porous unit or layer of rock that is able to store or hold water and transmit enough fluid to be of economic value. An aquitard is rock material that is low in porosity/permeability. Fluid flow is not good and the unit may often be termed a "cap rock", not allowing underlying water to flow upward. An aquiclude is a unit of rock or layer of rock, which is impermeable to fluids. It acts as a barrier to fluid flow. There probably are no true aquicludes. There are two (2) scenarios that may occur with aquifers: 1. Confined Aquifer -- when an aquifer is bounded by two (2) aquitards (one above and one below) 2. Unconfined Aquifer -- when an aquifer is not bounded on the surface side by an aquitard so that fluids may flow freely above the aquifer. The distribution of groundwater is present in several distinct layers or zones: a. Soil moisture zone -- usually top soil; much infiltration; much organic material b. Zone of aeration (Vadose Zone) -- mostly air but some interstitial water c. Capillary fringe -- transition between unsaturated and saturated zone; top of aquifer d. Zone of saturation (Phreatic Zone) -- pores completely saturated with water; main aquifer storage zone Where does water in the ground originate? Hydrologic Cycle explains the origin of groundwater. Depicts the occurrence and movement of water in the earth-atmosphere system. Water enters the GW system at recharge areas. Water leaves GW system at discharge areas. Occurrence of water 1. 97% of all water on earth is in oceans. 2. ~ 2% of the earth's water in ice caps & glaciers 3. About 0.6% of earth's water is groundwater 4. Water in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere amounts to less than 0.02% of earth's water Movement of Water Atmosphere to surface: precipitation Surface to atmosphere: evaporation -- liquid to vapor Sublimation -- solid to vapor Transpiration -- release of water vapor by plants On surface: downslope movement to lakes, streams, and oceans Below surface: movement of groundwater If GW seeps into stream, stream is a gaining stream. If water seeps from stream into subsurface, it is a losing stream. In areas in which soluble rock (i.e., limestone) is present in the layer near the groundwater, a situation often develops that is characterized by rock layer dissolving. This is referred to as karst topography. Indiana, Kentucky, and Georgia are areas in which karst topography may develop. The area is characterized by: a. Soluble bedrock near the surface b. Disappearing streams that feed downward with no end on the surface c. Sinkholes d. Patchy, pockmarked surface topography e. Frequent fluctuations in water table f. Caves g. Submerged caves Caves are formed by the dissolving nature of the rock fed by groundwater. Large cavities develop as well as solid drops of rock that precipitate from the groundwater solution. Those overhead are called stalactites (stick tight to the ceiling) and those that build up from the ground floor are termed stalagmites (with a ''g''). There are several problems, which can develop, associated with the lowering of the groundwater surface due to overuse/over pumping: 1. Cone of depression develops 2. Lowering of the pieziometric surface, thus wells dry up 3. Saltwater incursion/intrusion if near an ocean Groundwater Contamination Contamination results in a decline in water quality. Common contaminants: Types Sources Nitrates Sewage, Fertilizers, Feedlots Pesticides, herbicides Agriculture, lawn care Organic chemicals Industrial wastes, landfills, spills/leaks of fuels Metals Industrial processes Brines Oil production Protecting groundwater resources Apply agricultural chemicals properly Build better landfills Regulate disposal of hazardous materials Regulate underground storage tanks (USTs) Limit contaminant levels in drinking water supplies. Companies often employ environmental consulting firms and individuals to better understand environmental problems and seek solutions for the challenges.

4. Flowing or Artesian Well Development

5. An aquiclude is a unit of rock or layer of rock, which is impermeable to fluids. It acts as a barrier to fluid flow. There probably are no true aquicludes. There are two (2) scenarios that may occur with aquifers: 1. Confined Aquifer -- when an aquifer is bounded by two (2) aquitards (one above and one below) 2. Unconfined Aquifer -- when an aquifer is not bounded on the surface side by an aquitard so that fluids may flow freely above the aquifer. The distribution of groundwater is present in several distinct layers or zones: Soil moisture zone a. Soil moisture zone -- usually top soil; much infiltration; much organic material Zone of aeration(Vadose Zone) b. Zone of aeration (Vadose Zone) -- mostly air but some interstitial water Capillary fringe c. Capillary fringe -- transition between unsaturated and saturated zone; top of aquifer Zone of saturation (Phreatic Zone) d. Zone of saturation (Phreatic Zone) -- pores completely saturated with water; main aquifer storage zone Where does water in the ground originate? Hydrologic Cycle explains the origin of groundwater. Depicts the occurrence and movement of water in the earth-atmosphere system. Water enters the GW system at recharge areas. Water leaves GW system at discharge areas.

7. Occurrence of water 1. 97% of all water on earth is in oceans. 2. ~ 2% of the earth's water in ice caps & glaciers 3. About 0.6% of earth's water is groundwater Water in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere amounts to less than 0.02% of earth's water Movement of Water Atmosphere to surface: precipitation Surface to atmosphere: evaporation -- liquid to vapor Sublimation -- solid to vapor Transpiration -- release of water vapor by plants On surface: downslope movement to lakes, streams, and oceans Below surface: movement of groundwater If GW seeps into stream, stream is a gaining stream. If water seeps from stream into subsurface, it is a losing stream.

9. Precipitation Runoff Precipitation Evaporation Infiltration Hydrologic Cycle

10. In areas in which soluble rock (i.e., limestone) is present in the layer near the groundwater, a situation often develops that is characterized by rock layer dissolving. This is referred to as karst topography. Indiana, Kentucky, and Georgia are areas in which karst topography may develop. The area is characterized by: a. Soluble bedrock near the surface b. Disappearing streams that feed downward with no end on the surface c. Sinkholes d. Patchy, pockmarked surface topography e. Frequent fluctuations in water table f. Caves g. Submerged caves Caves are formed by the dissolving nature of the rock fed by groundwater. Large cavities develop as well as solid drops of rock that precipitate from the groundwater solution. Those overhead are called stalactites (stick tight to the ceiling) and those that build up from the ground floor are termed stalagmites (with a ''g'').

11. There are several problems, which can develop, associated with the lowering of the groundwater surface due to overuse/over pumping: 1. Cone of depression develops 2. Lowering of the pieziometric surface, thus wells dry up 3. Saltwater incursion/intrusion if near an ocean Groundwater Contamination Contamination results in a decline in water quality. Common contaminants: Types Sources Nitrates Sewage, Fertilizers, Feedlots Pesticides, herbicides Agriculture, lawn care Organic chemicals Industrial wastes, landfills, spills/leaks of fuels Metals Industrial processes Brines Oil production Protecting groundwater resources Apply agricultural chemicals properly Build better landfills Regulate disposal of hazardous materials Regulate underground storage tanks (USTs) Limit contaminant levels in drinking water supplies.

12. Cone of Depression Development

13. Development of Contamination in Groundwater