1. Digital Signal Processing and Generation for a DC Current Transformer for Particle Accelerators Silvia Zorzetti

2. Contents  Introduction  Fermilab  Direct-current current transformer principles  Direct Current Current Transformer (DCCT)  Simulink Model  Specifications and Parameters  Hardware  Digital implementation  Open loop test  Closed loop test

3. Introduction  This activity was supported and accomplished at Fermilab, in the Instrumentation Department of the Accelerator Division

4. Main Injector (MI) Rapid cycling synchrotron 150 GeV as Injector for the Tevatron High intensity protons for fixed target and neutrino physics Recycler Permanent Magnetics 8 GeV Antiproton cooling before the injection into the Tevatron Proton storage Tevatron Superconducting synchrotron 980 GeV Circular Accelerators at Fermilab

5. Different types of DCCTs at FNAL  An analog, homebrew version was developed at FNAL in the 80’s.  Installed in all the machines, except for the Recycler  Bandwidth: 2 MHz  A commercial DCCT, designed by K. Unser (Bergoz)  Entire system, i.e. pickup, electronics, cables, etc.  Only DC signal detection (narrow band).  In 2004 the system failed due to an asymmetry of permeability between the toroids.  Temporary replaced with another commercial DCCT from Bergoz, will finally be replaced by the “digital” DCCT that is now under development.

6. DCCT Introduction  The DCCT is a diagnostics instrument, used to observe the beam current.  Detection of DC and low frequency components of the beam current  Non-Distructive instrument  For the detection of high frequency components the classical AC transformer is used.

7. Principle of Operation - AC Transformer  The classical AC transformer can be used to identify the high frequency components of the beam current

8. Principle of Operation of the DCCT – Single Toroid  The modulator winding drives the toroid into saturation.  The total magnetic flux is shifted proportionally to the DC current  The measured DC current is proportional to the amplitude of the 2 nd harmonic detected by the detector winding

9. Principle of Operation of the DCCT – Double Toroids

11. Complete System  Beam  DCCT  Modulator  400Hz digitally supplied  Second Harmonic detector  AM demodulator on FPGA  AC Transformer  Sum and Feedback  Output

12. Second Harmonic Detector  Input: The input signal can be viewed as a low frequency signal modulated (in amplitude) with 800Hz

13. Second Harmonic Detector  CIC1: Perform the first decimation of the signal sampling frequency  From 62.5MHz to 500kHz

14. Second Harmonic Detector  NCO:  Supplies in-phase and quadrature-phase signals of same amplitude and frequency (800Hz), for downconversion to baseband

15. Second Harmonic Detector  CIC2: Performs a second decimation of the sampling frequency, allows a more efficient FIR filter  From 500kHz to 2kHz

16. Second Harmonic Detector  FIR: Defines the overall system bandwidth at baseband  DC to 100Hz

17. Second Harmonic Detector  Some mathematics to format the signal, and adjust gain and phase  There is no phase detector required, because the signal is sufficiently slow, thus a signum detector is implemented.

18. DCCT Model  Analytic study of the DCCT functionality  Simulink Model of the complete system (AC+DC)  Toroids behaviour simulation  Filter Design  Feedback

19. Simulink Model

20. Simulink Model – Flux at Ib=0 (a.u.)

21. Simulink Model – Output Voltage at Ib=0

22. Simulink Model – Flux at Ib=1 (a.u.)

23. Simulink Model – Voltage Output at Ib=1

24. Simulink Model – AC + DC Closed Loop

25. Required Specifications and Parameters  Number of turns per winding  Current and Voltage to saturate the toroids  DCCT Bandwidth  AC Bandwidth

26. Parameter Space  Toroids Saturation  I sat <3A, V sat =36V,  N m =22  AC and DC Sensor windings  B DC =100Hz  B AC =1MHz  N s_DC =100  N s_AC =200

27. Test Setup for Toroid Measurements

28. Output Voltage from the pick-up windings of the toroids  There is a mismatch between the voltage outputs from the two toroids.  Poor matching of the core material

29. Complete System

30. VHDL Implementation – CIC  M: Differential Delay  ρ : Decimation factor  N: Filter Order  A: Gain  Notch at:

31. CIC Filter – VHDL Model  The firmware is synchronized with a single clock  Integration Section  Comb Section  Gain  Number of bits:

32. Filters – Test Setup

33. VHDL Implementation and Test– CIC1  f s =62.5MHz,  f d =500kHz,  M=1  ρ=125  N=2  f 1 =500kHz  A= 15625

34. VHDL Implementation and Test– CIC2  f s =500kHz,  f d =2kHz,  M=2  ρ=250  N=2  f 1 =1kHz  A= 250000

35. VHDL Implementation and Test– FIR  b i : filter coefficients  N: filter order (127)

36. FIR Filter- VHDL Model  The firmware is synchronized with a single clock  Counter  ROM  Serial Function  Number of bits

37. VHDL Implementation and Test- FIR  f s =2kHz,  f c =100Hz,  N=127

38. VHDL Impelementation and Test – AM Demodulator  With a waveform generator a low frequency signal, modulated at 800Hz is generated and digitized by the ADC  The resulting output signal is observed on an oscilloscope, connected to the DAC.

39. VHDL Implementation and Test- Demodulator  Input:  Output:

40. Open Loop Test Measurement Setup

41. DC Dectector - Output signal Before the Transition Board - Ib=0.4A  The signal is supplied by the DCCT DC Sense  Before the transition board  There are both odd and even harmonics

42. DC Detector - Output Signal After the Transition Board - Ib=0.4A  The signal is supplied by the DCCT DC Sense  Passed by the Transition Board  Has only the 2 nd harmonic (800 Hz), the 1 st harmonic is suppressed.

43. Open Loop Result

44. Closed Loop Test Measurement Setup

45. Closed Loop Results

46. Conclusions  At this stage a preliminary implementation and test of the DCCT has been successfully realized.  P control  τ =0.05s  Resolution 0.01A  Next steps  Implementation of the AC section  Faster loop control

47. Thank you for your attention Silvia Zorzetti

48. Backup Slides Silvia Zorzetti