1. 1 Issues and Options for the BLM Geologic Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration Angela Zahniser Air Resource Specialist, Soil, Water, and Air Group Bureau of Land Management

2. 2 What is CCS?

3. 3 1. Deep Saline Formations 2. Oil Wells for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 3. Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs 4. Unmineable Coal Seams  -2 millimeters-  Green = water Red = Rock Black = CO 2 Green = CO2 4 Methods of Deploying CCS:

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5. 5 Greenland ice Melting 1992, 2002, and 2005 19922002 2005 Source: ACIA, 2004 and CIRES, 2005 In 1992 scientists measured this amount of melting in Greenland as indicated by red areas on the map Ten years later, in 2002, the melting was much worse And in 2005, it accelerated dramatically yet again Greenland summer surface melting, 1992-2005

6. 6 Shrinking Mountain Glaciers High-elevation ice and snow near the equator does not vary much except when climate is changing globally. The decline between 1912 and 2000 was 81%

7. 7 Muir Glacier, Alaska, 1941-2004 NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2006. Online glacier photograph database. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. August 1941August 2004 Coastal Glaciers are Retreating

8. 8 Science, Politics, and CO 2

9. 9 Continued… Desired ppm v to avoid > 2 o C change: 450 ppm v Emissions World 2004: about 25,600 Mt CO 2 »(U.S. = 5790 Mt CO 2, about 22%) World BAU by 2030: 44,000 Mt CO 2 »(U.S.> 7950 Mt CO 2 ) World BAU by 2050: 51,000 Mt CO 2 World BAU: by 2100: > 72,000 Mt CO 2 World Stabilization Target Emissions by 2100: <7,700 Mt CO 2

10. 10 Why CCS? Has great potential to mitigate a large amount in a short period of time –NOT a long-term solution, but buys time for integration of renewable energy sources into the economy CCS could provide 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100 Potential to store 220,000 - 3,000,000 MtCO 2 cumulatively up to 2100 Estimated Storage Capacities in U.S. Geological Formations: Geologic FormationEstimated Capacity in Mt CO 2 Onshore Deep Saline Formations 2,730,000 Onshore Saline Basalt Formations 240,000 Depleted Gas Fields 35,000 Deep Unmineable Coal Seams 12,000 Depleted Oil Fields with EOR potential 12,000 TOTAL: 3,000,000 Mt CO 2

11. 11 CCS is relatively new, but not so new Approved by IPCC in September 2005 Published December 2005 Written by over 100 authors from 30 countries, all continents Extensively reviewed by over 200 experts Presented at UNFCCC COP-11/ Kyoto COP/MOP-1 in Montreal CCS is being extensively studied by high-profile environmental organizations and energy companies, governments, universities, scientists, etc.

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13. 13 CCS EOR vs. Traditional EOR Dual Purpose: Enhanced Oil Production AND CO 2 Sequestration Use human-produced CO 2 Use greatest amount possible Need to address: Long-term management Monitoring Verification Liability Possible Crediting

14. 14 Risks Human –Leakage, movement of metals to potable aquifers –Only in high concentrations Environmental –Leaks could be detrimental to plants, subsurface animals CO 2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by hydrocarbon pipelines Geological storage: –comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas) “With appropriate site selection…a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, and the appropriate use of remediation methods to stop or control CO 2 releases if they arise, the local health, safety and environment risks of geological storage would be comparable to risks of current activities such as natural gas storage, EOR, and deep underground disposal of acid gas.”

15. 15 Barriers Lack of a Regulatory Framework Short and Long term liability measures, including siting, leakage and permanence Economic Viability (including who will pay for equipment as well as property rights and values) Establishing Pore Space Ownership/Management Ensuring Public Acceptability Labeling CO 2 as a commodity versus a waste –One person’s trash is another person’s treasure Scientific and technological readiness

16. 16 Who’s Doing What?

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18. 18 Why the BLM? Vast Land Area Site Selection and Suitability

19. 19 Benefits of CCS on BLM Lands Capacity, Site Selection & Suitability Property Rights Revenue/Royalty Public Good Public Interest –Scientific Interest BLM Experience Energy Security –EPAct 2005 CapacityMt CO 2 U.S.3,900,000 Australia700,000 Africa430,000 Canada1,300,000

20. 20 Benefits: BLM Experience In NM, CO, and WY the BLM has allowed the production, sale, pipeline transport, and/or injection of carbon dioxide, mostly for use in traditional enhanced oil recovery. McElmo Dome in Colorado produced 298 million cubic feet of naturally occurring CO 2 in 2006 These activities are important to note because: –The BLM is experienced in the leasing of land for CO 2 extraction –BLM has permitted such activities, has administered rights of way, and has collected royalties when CO 2 is seen as a commodity. –The BLM performed NEPA procedures when it approved the installation of pipelines across its lands

21. 21 Benefits: Energy Security and EPAct 2005 Size and nature of original, developed and undeveloped domestic onshore and offshore oil resources.

22. 22 Considerations for CCS on BLM Lands Get Involved Identify Prime CCS Locations Establish Monitoring and Verification Measures Establish Clear Siting Procedures Establish Clear Leasing Procedures

23. 23 Considerations for CCS on BLM Lands Establish Clear Leasing Procedures –Modify reservoir management requirements to include and/or call for CO2 injections and storage projects –New category that encompasses both resource extraction and gas storage? –Lease Determination May Include Establishing Management Of: –Underground Pore and Reservoir Space –ROWs –APDs –Gas Storage Units

24. 24 Considerations for CCS on BLM Lands Outline NEPA Process for CCS projects. Identify and Expand Staff Capacity Engage With the Public Establish Pore Space Ownership/Management Address Liability

25. 25 Risk Profile and Liability Sally Benson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

26. 26 Recommendation: CCS EOR In addition, CCS EOR could help to: –establish a more robust pipeline infrastructure for facilitating possible future larger scale projects –shape future legislation, protocols, and best management practices –establish public confidence in the safety and security of geological storage –stimulate cooperation between Federal, non-government, and private organizations U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Summary report of assessment prepared by Advanced Resources International. February 2006.

27. 27 QUESTIONS ??

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