1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Lev Vygotsky

2. Wood and Middleton - Scaffolding
Mothers helping 4 y/o build 3D model
Types of help noted:
General encouragement e.g. ‘now you have a go.’
Specific instructions e.g. ‘get four big blocks.’
Direct demonstration
No single strategy was best
Learning best when assistance provided best met needs
Wood, D., & Middleton, D. (1975). A study of assisted problem-solving. British Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 181−191.

3. Guidelines for Scaffolding
Assess learner's current knowledge and experience
Relate content to what students already understand or can do.
Break tasks into smaller, manageable tasks with opportunities for intermittent feedback.
Use verbal cues and prompts to assist students.
Silver, D. (2011). Using the ‘Zone’Help Reach Every Learner. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(sup1),