1. The Development of the Aztec Empire

2. The Aztecs Rise to Power What symbols do you see in this image? Who are the people depicted in the transparency and what are they doing? What is in the center of the picture? Have you seen this symbol before? What might the thick blue lines represent? What do you think the artist was trying to tell us?

3. Aztec Origins Entered valley of Mexico in the 13 th century (we don’t know why) Considered vulgar by neighboring city-states Served as mercenaries for neighboring city- states Drove to live in what was considered a snake- filled wasteland. They adapted – used snakes for food, found a way to till the soil and used the rocks to build houses from. Eventually fled to marshes of Lake Texcoco after Coxcox declared war on them for sacrificing his daughter

4. Life in a Hostile Environment Used chinampas – floating gardens – to produce food Created canals to improve trade and transportation Discovered culinary delights in lake products – like algae and ducks

5. Eagle and Cactus Symbols of a divine prophecy (the divine prophecy: an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake) After building Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs destroyed all records of their past and created a more favorable history Priests taught that the Aztecs were nomads who built Tenochtitlan on a spot designated by the gods

6. Aztec Religion and Social Structure What do you see happening in this picture?

7. Aztec Religion Life was uncertain – all at mercy of nature Used sacrifices as attempt to satisfy gods Waited for return of Quetzalcoatl at end of calendar cycle (AD 1519) Quetalcoatle (ket-tsal-KO-atl) the god of the planet Venus, the wind and of high civilization – a plumed serpent was to come back in human form

8. Aztec Religion In 1450 suffered a terrible famine caused by heavy snow and rain – which caused floods and destruction of crops. Animals began coming in to eat the dead people and attack those still alive. The Aztec response was to increase human sacrifice to try to make the gods happy again. When the famine was over, the priests took it as a sign that the gods should never again be deprived of a regular diet of human hearts. Aztecs maintained almost constant warfare in order to supply victims. When they had enough victims, they’d stop fighting until they needed more. Victims were sacrificed high on top of the temple – usually involved removing the heart, but, depending on the god, sometimes were sacrificed differently.

9. Aztec Society Royal Family Emperors chosen from royal family based on merit Royal wives were greatly respected (and often there were many – Nezahualpilli of Texcoc had 2000 wives and 144 children. Moctezuma II had at least 1000 wives) All members were expected to be dignified and brave

10. Aztec Society Nobles Priests, military officers, government leaders Nobility not inherited; earned on battlefields or in pursuit of priesthood Held special privileges; fine clothes, beautiful homes, jewels, servants

11. Aztec Society Merchants Provided Tenochtitlan with imported goods Traveled great distances (into Central America) to negotiate deals

12. Aztec Society Commoners Farmers, laborers, craftsmen, servants, vendors Lived in wards called calpullis (later called barrios by Spanish)

13. Aztec Society Serfs Worked in fields or estates of the wealthy Had freedom, but considered inferior to commoners – not considered citizens

14. Aztec Society Slaves Had some legal rights; it wasn’t horrible to be a slave or to have been a slave People could sell themselves into slavery to pay off a debt or a crime – could earn way out of slavery and climb the social ladder

15. The Splendor of Tenochtitilan The floating city 3 causeways join Tenochtitlan to the shores of Lake Texcoco Canals served as roads for canoes City contained 80,000 – 250,000 people

16. The Splendor of Tenochtitilan Bustling markets At great market 60,000 people gathered daily Used the barter system Cacao beans sometimes used as currency

17. The Splendor of Tenochtitilan Architectural wonders Double pyramid dedicated to Huitzilopochtli (patron god of Aztec – Hummingbird from the south) and Tlaloc (god of rain) Tzompantli (large skill rack) held thousands of human skulls Residences of nobles were very elaborate