2. What We Know…. Geology is about the Earth Geology deals with the lithosphere, which together with the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere make up the Earth's systems. Geology deals with the sacrificial and internal workings of the Earth.

3. Problem Statement What impact do hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods have on erosion rates in the Albemarle region and how can we mitigate their impact?

4. Hypothesis Hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods cause erosion thus causing a negative effect in the Albemarle region. To minimize these effects, we that there are things we can do before, during and after these events to reduce the damage they cause.

5. What do we need to know? What causes erosion? How do natural causes such as floods, tornadoes, and hurricanes cause erosion? How can this erosion be mitigated?

6. What is Erosion? Erosion is the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, and etc.

7. Flooding

8. What is a flood? A flood is a natural event for rivers, streams and coastal areas. Excess water comes from snowmelt, rainfall, or storm surges. The excess water overflows the river's banks and adjacent floodplains.

9. North Carolina's Disappearing Coast. By: Jack Betts The Charlotte Observer The shoreline in northeastern North Carolina is receding at an average erosion rate of about 2.7 feet per year. North Carolina might be losing more than 1,250 acres of its land each year to rising sea level and bad storms such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods.

10. Hurricanes

11. A hurricane is a huge storm Can have wind speeds from 75-200 mph Gathers heat and energy from warm water Center of the storm is the "eye" Hurricanes rotate counter-clockwise around the "eye" in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Southern Hemisphere clockwise Heavy rain, strong winds, and large waves are characteristics

12. Mitigating Hurricane Erosion There is no way to stop a hurricane. The best we can do is hope to do is to mitigate the damage. A way to do that is to have an adequate drainage system. One other way includes making a physical barrier to absorb some of the wind and water that is associated with hurricanes.

13. Hurricane Isabel

14. This storm was a category 5 hurricane while it was over seas, but only hit us as a category 2 hurricane. A total of 51 people where killed by this storm. The storm surge from Hurricane Isabel washed out part of Hatteras Island to form what is now called Isabel Inlet.

15. Costs and Damages The damage was the greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were either damaged or destroyed. From the people’s houses that were left intact, nearly 6 million of them were left without power for an extended period of time. The total overall cost for Hurricane Isabel totaled about 4 billion dollars

16. Hurricane Storm Surges

17. Red= Category 1-2 Green= Category 3 Blue= Category 4-5 This is the storm surge from a hurricane moving slower than 15 MPH

18. This is a storm surge from a hurricane moving faster than 15 MPH Red= Category 1-2 Green= Category 3 Blue= Category 4-5

19. Tornadoes

20. What causes Tornadoes: Hurricanes and thunderstorms spawn tornadoes when cold air overrides a layer of warm air, and that causes the warm air to rise rapidly. But also winds produced from hurricanes, earthquakes fires, and wildfires has also been known to produce tornadoes. Tornadoes strike at random, as you know some areas of the county experiences tornadoes more than others and as you know the Albemarle region doesn't get hit with tornadoes often.

21. Latest Tornado The latest tornado hit Perquimans, Bertie, Herford & Camden County. This all took place on Friday May 09, 2008 around 10:00am. This tornado damaged several houses, barns, buildings, vehicles and knocking over many of trees. Quote: "The owner heard the wind and got into a bathtub with her 12-year-old daughter and infant, said Randy Keaton, Pasquotank County manager. While in the tub, she told emergency officials, she could feel the house lift and then shift."

22. In this picture the tree has been lifted up from its roots. Without the root system, the soil will begin to wash away resulting in erosion. (This is a picture of a house in Elizabeth City)

23. Tornadoes in North Carolina 71% has been classified as weak 28% as strong about 1% as violent Weak tornadoes has caused 3& of North Carolian tornado deaths Strong were responsible for 49% of deaths North Carolina was rank 22nd in total number of tornadoes & 18th in tornadoes deaths for the perod of 1953-1995.

24. Erosion and Prevention

25. How can we control erosion? The creation of some sort of physical barrier, such as vegetation or rock, to absorb some of the energy of the wind or water that is causing the erosion. Effective erosion controls are important techniques in preventing water pollution and soil loss.

26. Ways to Minimize Erosion..... Cover Crops Mulching Strip Farming Vegetated Waterways Hydro seeding

27. If people keep building more & more stores it will cause more erosion from floods. Instead of the water infiltrating into the ground it runs down buildings and into the ocean, and the soil becomes eroded.

28. Examples of Erosion

29. Erosion From a Tornado

30. Soil Erosion

31. Runoff Erosion

32. Beach Erosion

33. Recommendation Congress should instruct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to develop erosion hazard maps that display the location and extent of coastal areas subject to erosion. The maps should be made widely available in both print and electronic formats. The cost of expected erosion losses when setting flood insurance rates along the coast.

34. Reflections By working together, we learned to cooperate with one another to complete a task. We also learned how serious erosion really is, and that we need to take the proper steps to ensure that our land will be here for future generations. We think that this experience better helped us earth science as a whole, and allowed us a great experience to further our knowledge.

35. Works Cited http://www.news.ecu.edu/releases/coast.html http://www.flickr.com/search/? q=tornado&m=text http://www.weatherwizkids.com/hurricane1.htm http://www.townofduck. com/hazardplan.htm# _Toc67990136 http://www.wikipedia.com

36. http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/ 99- 10/nc_flood3.htm http://hamptonroads.com/2008/05/high- windsshift- house-foundation-near-elizabeth-city http://207.4.214.118/gis/surge.cfm