1. By, N Venkata Srinath, 1st Year MS Power Systems.
Bio-mass
By,
N Venkata Srinath,
1st Year MS Power Systems.

2. Bio-mass
Bio-Mass
Animal-waste Agro-waste Night soil
Dung Crop Residue
Slaughterhouse Vegetable Waste
Poultry-Casting Catering Waste
Dead Bodies Food processing Waste
Biomass is a resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities.

3. How Bio-mass is alternative/renewable
Biomass is used as a fuel in power generation which replaces the use of fossil fuel to some extent.
Biomass is a renewable energy source because we can always grow more trees and crops.

4. Bio-mass as an energy resource
Burning biomass is one way to release its energy .
Biomass can be converted to other useable forms of energy, such as Producer gas, methane gas or transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel.

5. Applications of Producer Gas
Power generation
Direct heat application.
Chemical Production.

6. The combustion products from complete combustion of biomass generally contain nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and surplus of oxygen.
However in gasification where, there is a surplus of solid fuel (incomplete combustion) the products of combustion are combustible gases like Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2) and traces of Methane and non useful products like tar and dust.

7. Procedure for the production of producer gas
The production of producer gas is done by a method called gasification.
It is partial combustion of
solid fuel (biomass) and
takes place at tempera-
tures of about 1000 deg C.
The reactor is called a
Gasifier.

8. In Gasifier, Four distinct processes take place. They are:-
Drying of fuel
Pyrolysis – a process in which tar and other volatiles are driven off
Combustion
Reduction

9. Combustion
The combustion reaction is exothermic and yields a theoretical oxidation temperature of 1450 degC.
C + O2 -> CO2 ……………………………………………..1
2H2 + O2 -> 2H2 O……………………………………….2
Reduction
C + CO2 = 2CO …………………………….3
C + H2O = CO + H2 ……………………..4
CO + H2O = CO2+ H2
C + 2H2 = CH4
CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O
Reactions (3) and (4) are main reduction reactions and being endothermic have the capability of reducing gas temperature. Consequently the temperatures in the reduction zone are normally degC.

10. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis, which takes place between 280 to 500 Deg C
produces large quantities of tar and gases containing carbon dioxide.
Between 500 to 700DegC the gas production is small and contains hydrogen.

11. The average energy conversion efficiency of wood gasifiers is about 60-70% and is defined as
Example :
1 kg of wood produces 2.5 m3 of gas with average calorific value of 5.4 MJ/m3. Average calorific value of wood (dry) is 19.8 MJ/kg18 .
Hence

12. Advantages over direct combustion
On an average 1 kg of biomass produces about 2.5 cum of producer gas at S.T.P. In this process it consumes about 1.5 cum of air for combustion.
For complete combustion of wood about 4.5 m3 of air is required. Thus biomass gasification consumes about 33% of theoretical stoichiometeric ratio for wood burning.

13. Indian Scenario
In India first biomass plant was established in Bombay in 1945, in a waste water treatment plant.
The current potential of surplus agro and forest residues to energy is estimated at 16,000 MW
Till 2009 the installed capacity of biomass plant is 1,500MW.
We can find many bio mass plant at industries which deals directly with food processing.
India is expected to add 1,700 mw biomass-based power capacity by 2012,under its 11th plan ( ).

14. Off grid
Lakshmi Energy           - 2x15  MW biomass based power plant in Chandigarh
Arora Infrastructure          - 10 MW biomass based power plant in Chattisgarh
Mahavir Energy          - 12 MW biomass based power plant in Chattisgarh
Varam Bio-energy          - 10 MW biomass based power plant in Maharashtra
ETA Power           - 10 MW biomass based power plant in Tamilnadu

15. R S India Bio Mass Energy (P) Ltd.
-10 MW Barwala Block, Hisar District of Haryana.
Up coming projects:
A total of 31 decentralized biomass power projects in Puinjab with a capacity of 338MW have been handed out to private developers.
Oriental Green Power (OGP), a renewable energy generation company promoted by Chennai-based Shriram EPC, setting up 146Mw biomass-based power plants.
Astonfield Renewable Resources Limited and AREVA Renewable have entered into a strategic partnership to implement 100 MW of biomass power plants across India at an estimated cost of Rs crores. Work on the first plant is scheduled to begin in the last quarter of 2009 in the State of West Bengal.

16. Ind-Barath Energy Utkal (IBEUL) has put forward plans to set up a 20MW biomass power plant at Chiplima near Sambalpur in Orissa.
The Gujarat Energy Development Agency has in principle given approval to private groups to set up biomass power plants of 315MW in 25 districts of the state.

17. Manufactures Company Place ANKUR SCIENTIFIC ENERGY TECH. LTD. BARODA
JANTA REFRACTORY & STEEL ROLLING MILLS
GHAZIABAD           
UNIVERSAL ELECTRICALS
                         MOHALLI                        
BIOFUEL TECHNIQUES
LUDHIANA    
NETPRO
BANGALORE
NSY ENERGY ENGG. & CONSULTANCY SERVICES (P) LTD.
NEW DELHI
GP GREEN ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD.
KOLKATA

18. RADHE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEV. ASSOCIATE RAJKOT
Company
place
RADHE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEV. ASSOCIATE
RAJKOT
TERRY GOLD INDIA LTD
HYDERABAD
RISHI POOJA ENERGY & ENGINEERING COMPANY
GORAKHPUR
JAGADHGURU TECHNOLOGY SERVICES(P) LTD
ALWARPET
SAURASHTRA AGRO FUEL IND
VADODARA

19. Tariffs State Back pay (per unit) Andhra Pradesh. 2.63 Chattishgarh
3.05
Gujarat
3.0
Haryana
3.75
Karnataka
2.74
Kerala
2.80
Maharashtra
M.P.
3.33
Punjab
3.49
Rajasthan
3.60
Tamil Nadu
3.15
U.P
2.86