1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

2. What is Chemistry? Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space.
Chemistry – study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life

3. Areas of Chemistry Organic – study of all chemicals containing carbon
Inorganic – study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. (found mainly in nonliving things)
Biochemistry – study of processes that take place in organisms. (digestion, muscle contraction)
Analytical – focuses on the composition of matter. (measuring lead in drinking water)
Physical – area of study that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.
See page 8 for examples

4. Pure & Applied Chemistry
Pure Chemistry – pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Chemists does not expect there to be any immediate practical use for the knowledge
Applied – research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
In practice, pure chemistry & applied chemistry are linked.

5. Pure & Applied Chemistry
Pure Chemistry – pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Chemists does not expect there to be any immediate practical use for the knowledge
Applied – research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
In practice, pure chemistry & applied chemistry are linked.

6. Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.
Can help you understand how things work
Why does water expands when it freezes?
Why sugar dissolves faster in hot water?
Can help you prepare for a career
Firefighters need to know which chemicals to use to fight different types of fires
Reporters may be asked to interview a Chemist to gather background information on a story.

7. Why Study Chemistry? Be an informed citizen
Industry, private foundations, and federal government all provide funds for scientific research
Wouldn’t you want to understand and have a say regarding where your money is going?
Should we spend more money on space research or cancer research?
Knowledge of chemistry can help you evaluate the data given so you can be an informed voter.

8. Chemistry and Materials
Key role in the production of new materials to fit specific needs
Velcro used as a fastener
Plant fibers used to create soft cloth
Essential in finding new ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.
New insulation, SEAgel, made from seaweed used to conserve energy
Production of biodiesel from soybeans to use as fuel
Rechargeable batteries

9. Medicine and Biotechnology
Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.
Chemist’s knowledge of the structure and function of chemicals in your cells helps them design safe and effective drugs.
Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts such as skin, arteries, & joints.
Chemists are working on many projects to alter DNA to cure diseases like diabetes & cancer.

10. Chemistry and Agriculture
Chemistry help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.
Testing of soil to see if it contains the right chemicals & recommend way to improve it.
Develop plants that are more likely to survive a drought or insect attack.
Inserting a gene of a jellyfish into a potato plant. Glows when it needs watered.
Design chemicals to treat specific insect pests only and not the useful insects.

11. Chemistry and the Environment
Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution, an unintended consequence of new technologies.
Lead paint studies showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had be thought, especially for children.
Testing of children’s blood for lead

12. Chemistry and the Universe
To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.
Study the composition of stars by analyzing the light they transmit to Earth.
Discovery of a gas on the sun’s surface that was not known on Earth. It was named helium.
Analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks brought back to Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon’s surface.
Space vehicles analyze the chemical composition of rocks & soil on Mars, indicating it was once drenched with water.

13. The word Chemistry comes from Alchemy.
Alchemy was practiced in China & India as early as 400 B.C.
Had a practical side and a mystical side.
Practical alchemy focused on developing techniques for working with metals, glass, and dyes.
Mystical alchemy focused on concepts like perfection.
Developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals.
Designed equipment that is still used today
Alchemists developed the tools & techniques for
working with chemicals.

14. Chemistry and the Universe
To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.
Study the composition of stars by analyzing the light they transmit to Earth.
Discovery of a gas on the sun’s surface that was not known on Earth. It was named helium.
Analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks brought back to Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon’s surface.
Space vehicles analyze the chemical composition of rocks & soil on Mars, indicating it was once drenched with water.

15. The Scientific Method
Logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
Making Observations – using your senses to obtain information. An observation can lead to a question.
Making a Hypothesis – a proposed explanation for an observation. A hypothesis is only useful if it accounts for what is actually observed.
Experiment – a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis.
Independent variable – a variable that you change during an experiment

16. The Scientific Method
Dependent variable – a variable that is observed during the experiment.
For the results of an experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same result no matter how many times it is repeated or by whom.
Developing a Theory – a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
Scientific Law – concise statement that summarized the results of many observations and experiments.
Ex. Gas Laws

17. The Scientific Method Observations Hypothesis Experiments Theory
A hypothesis may be revised based on experimental data
A theory is tested by more experiments & modified if necessary
Scientific
Law
Summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Steps do not have to occur in the order shown

18. Collaboration
When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all the knowledge to solve.
Industry may give a university funding for research and scientist at the university share the funding.
Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. Resource, work load, credit, etc can cause conflict.

19. Communication
They way scientists communicate with each other and with the public has changed.
Scientist exchange ideas with other scientist by , phone, and the international conferences.
Publish their results in scientific journals.
Internet is a major source of information.
Advantage – anyone can get access
Disadvantage – anyone can post information

20. Problem Solving in Chemistry
Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan.
Because measurement is so important in chemistry, most word problems in chemistry require some math.

21. Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze – identify what is known and what is unknown.
Calculate – make the calculations. You may need to convert a measurement or rearrange an equation before you can solve.
Evaluate – after you calculate, evaluate your answer. Is the answer reasonable? Does it make sense?

22. Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze
Calculate
Evaluate

23. Solving Conceptual Problems
Conceptual word problems are nonnumeric problems.
Analyze – identify what is known and what is unknown.
Evaluate – after you calculate, evaluate your answer. Is the answer reasonable? Does it make sense?

24. Solving Conceptual Problems
Analyze
Evaluate