1. Science 10 1

2. This introductory science course is a prerequisite to other science courses offered at Harrison Trimble. Text: Nelson, Science 10 Prerequisite: Grade 9 Science 2

3. Science 10 offers an introduction to the disciplines of : biology, physics, chemistry and meteorology. The following units will be covered: Sustainability of Ecosystems Motion Chemical Reactions Weather Dynamics 3

4. 4 Students will develop scientific literacy through diverse learning experiences including group and individual work, hands-on and lab activities. A variety of assessment strategies will be used to evaluate student learning. Formative assessment to give immediate feedback on understanding. Summative assessment (tests) to evaluate level of attaining the essential learning.

5. Outline of Units 5

6. Sustainability of Ecosystems 6 This unit examines the structure of ecosystems and the nature of interactions that take place within them. These interactions include those that occur between living things and those that take place between living things and the environment. Special emphasis will be placed on human interactions with ecosystems and the strategies by which those interactions can be maintained on a sustainable basis.

7. Chemical Reactions 7 The study of chemical reactions provides students with an opportunity to apply their understanding of atomic structure to how chemicals react. By naming and writing common ionic and molecular compounds and by balancing a variety of equation types, students begin to make connections to a variety of chemical examples in everyday life. This unit emphasizes the social and environmental contexts of science and technology associated with air and water pollution.

8. Motion 8 This unit is an introduction to the study of motion and the equipment, terminology and techniques used to investigate motion. A variety of instruments will be used to collect motion data. These data will be analyzed mathematically and graphically. Investigations will examine the velocity of objects and the relationships between velocity, displacement, time and acceleration. The principles learned will be applied to research of technologies associated with motion.

9. Weather Dynamics 9 In this unit changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere will be observed and measured. These weather data will be used to describe and explain the connection between heat energy and weather dynamics. The impact of accurate weather forecasting.

10. Assessment 10 Projects, Assignments & Lab Reports 40 % Tests& Quizzes30 % Exam 30 %

11. Science is Knowledge Scientific knowledge is empirical in origin. Scientific knowledge is empirical in origin. 11

12. EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE - Knowledge gained using the primary senses – seeing, tasting, feeling, hearing or smelling. Sometimes instruments are used as aids to our senses. - Knowledge gained using the primary senses – seeing, tasting, feeling, hearing or smelling. Sometimes instruments are used as aids to our senses. 12

13. Observation vs Interpretation(inference) Observations are always empirical. Qualitative observations involve simple descriptions. Quantitative Observations involve amounts (measurements) Interpretation(inference) involve reasoning based on observations 13

14. Scientific Method A way of solving problems or answering questions. A way of solving problems or answering questions. Starts with observation- noting and recording facts Starts with observation- noting and recording facts Hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem or answer to the question. Hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem or answer to the question. 14

15. Scientific Method Experiment- Experiment- designed to test the hypothesis only only two possible answers hypothesishypothesis is correct is wrong Generates Generates data - observations from experiments. Modify Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle 15

16. Experiments – activities used to collect data under controlled conditions. These conditions are called variables. Experiments – activities used to collect data under controlled conditions. These conditions are called variables. Variables: factors that may effect the outcome of an investigation. During an investigation one variable is changed to study the effects on another variable. These are the independent and dependent variables. Variables: factors that may effect the outcome of an investigation. During an investigation one variable is changed to study the effects on another variable. These are the independent and dependent variables. Independent (manipulated) variable : factor (condition) that you change during an experiment. You manipulate this factor. Dependent (responding) variable : this factor (condition) changes because of your experiment. Controlled variable : a factor kept constant to keep your experiment fair. Controlled variable : a factor kept constant to keep your experiment fair. 16

17. What must you control to keep the test fair? Type of plant, temperature, light, water, soil, length of time. Example: You want to find the amount of fertilizer that works best for plant growth. What are some things that may affect the answer to this question? (These things that effect growth are your variables.) Type of plant, temperature, light, water, amount of fertilizer, soil, length of time and growth (how to measure). What is your independent variable? Amount of fertilizer. What is your dependent variable? Growth (height or weight) 17

18. Observations Hypothesis Experiment Cycle repeats many times. Cycle repeats many times. The hypothesis gets more and more certain. The hypothesis gets more and more certain. Becomes a Theory Becomes a Theory A thoroughly tested model that explains why a system behaves a certain way. A thoroughly tested model that explains why a system behaves a certain way. 18

19. Theory can never be proven. Theory can never be proven. Useful because they predict behavior Useful because they predict behavior Help us form mental pictures of processes (models) Help us form mental pictures of processes (models) Observations Hypothesis Experiment 19

20. Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times Scientific Law is developed Scientific Law is developed Description of how things behave Description of how things behave Law - how Law - how Theory- why Theory- why Observations Hypothesis Experiment 20

21. Law Theory (Model) Prediction Experiment Modify Observations Hypothesis Experiment 21

22. Scientific law: experimental outcome that has been observed so many times by scientists that they are convinced that it will always happen. Laws usually involve mathematical relationships (equations) that allow us to predict values. Scientific law: experimental outcome that has been observed so many times by scientists that they are convinced that it will always happen. Laws usually involve mathematical relationships (equations) that allow us to predict values. Law of universal gravitation – two masses attract each other – allows us to calculate the weight of an object. Law of universal gravitation – two masses attract each other – allows us to calculate the weight of an object. Gas laws allow us to calculate (predict) volume and pressure of gasses at different temperatures. Gas laws allow us to calculate (predict) volume and pressure of gasses at different temperatures. Laws allow us to predict how a system will behave. Laws allow us to predict how a system will behave. 22

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24. A science inquiry… Chorus howling in wolves Chorus howling in wolves 24

25. Science Inquiry? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wolves/howl.html 25

26. TheEndTheEnd 26

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