1. RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
Adler & Carlton Ch. 8
&
Bushong Ch. 1

2. Modern radiology Radiography Fluoroscopy
Two basic types of x-ray examinations
Radiography
Fluoroscopy

3. Radiography exam

4. Radiographic Room

6. The transformation from a physicist toy to a valuable, large scale medical specialty
1907 Snook transformer – high voltage
1913 Coolidge x-ray tube – air evacuated, separate selection of voltage and current
Standardizing x-ray tube beam output

7. THE X-RAY TUBE
The X-Ray tube is the single most important component of the radiographic system. It is the part that produces the x-rays

8. THE X-RAY TUBE ANODE + CATHODE --
GLASS ENCASED IN STURDY STEEL HOUSING
PRIMARY COMPONENTS
ANODE +
CATHODE --

10. XRAY TUBE HOUSING MADE OF LEAD AND STEEL TO ABSORB ANY STRAY RADIATION
TO PREVENT LEAKAGE RADIATION FROM THE TUBE

11. TUBE HOUSING MADE OF LEAD & STEEL

13. How “X-rays” are created SEE: MAN MADE RADIATION (PG
How “X-rays” are created SEE: MAN MADE RADIATION (PG.111) Adler & Carlton
TO PRODUCE X-RAYS
YOU NEED:
A SOURCE OF ELECTONS
A FORCE TO MOVE THEM QUICKLY
SOMETHING TO STOP THEM SUDDENLY

14. How “X-rays” are created
Power is sent to x-ray tube via cables
mA (milliamperage) is sent to filament on cathode side.
Filament heats up – electrons “boil off”
Negative charge

15. How “X-rays” are created
Positive voltage is applied to ANODE
Negative electons = attracted across the tube to the positive ANODE.
Electrons “slam into” anode – suddenly stopped.
X-RAY PHOTONS ARE CREATED

16. How “X-rays” are created
Electron beam is focused from the cathode to the anode target by the focusing cup
Electrons interact with the electrons on the tungsten atoms of target material
PHOTONS sent through the window PORT – towards the patient

17. More on the tube later……..

18. X-RAY TABLE

21. Radiographic tables
Are designed to support the patient during a radiographic exam
Comfort is not the primary concern
Foam pads should be used if the patient will be required to be on the table for longer than 10 minutes

22. Tabletop
Must be uniformly radiolucent to easily permit x-ray to pass through.
Carbon fiber is used because it is strong and very little x-ray photons are absorbed.
Usually tabletops are flat however some are curved

23. Tabletop Most tabletops are floating, some are motor-driven
The brakes can be released usually by the technologist hand or foot
The brakes are electromagnetic
Floating table tops save significant amounts of time and strain on the technologist

24. Tables Tables are fixed or tilting
Fixed rooms are designed for diagnostic radiographic work only
The table can usually be raised or lowered to accommodate the patient and
the technologist.

25. Table top technique
Performing imaging using just the cassette, plate or digital image receptor
Also called “non- grid” technique

26. Fluoroscopy exam

27. FLUOROSCOPY IMAGES IN MOTION

28. Fluoroscope
1898 by Thomas Edison

29. Radiation Injury
1904 the first recorded x-ray fatality in the US – Clarence Dally, Edison’s assistant
Early injuries took the form of skin damage, loss of hair and anemia
Snook transformer & Coolidge tube reduced the injuries Why?

30. Tables
Tilting rooms are designed for both diagnostic and fluoroscopic work
Tilting models usually tilt to 90 degrees in one direction and 15 – 30 degrees in the other direction
Tilting models include ancillary equipment; footboard, shoulder support, handgrips, compression bands

32. Table Movement
Longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Tilt or Angling

33. Fluoroscopy tables: the tube is under the table, image capture is above the patient

38. Tube Supports
Designed to help technologists with various tube locations for creative imaging.
Tube suspension systems are available in 5 versions:
ceiling mounted, floor-to-ceiling, floor, mobile and c-arm.

41. Tube Movement Longitudinal Transverse Vertical Angling or Rolling
Rotating
Telescoping

42. Improvement in radiography
Reducing exposure time to reduce blur
Dentist William Rollins began using a diaphragm to improve image quality
First application of collimation and filtration
1921 Potter-Bucky grid – improving image contrast

43. Dr. William Rollins
Dr. William Rollins was a Boston physician and dentist who was the first to use collimation and filtration in the late 1800s.
After receiving radiation burns to his hand in x-ray experiments in 1898, he used leather and aluminum filters when he made x-ray exposures of his patients' teeth.

44. The ‘BUCKY’
The Potter-Bucky is the device in the table or chest board that holds the film cassette. The ‘bucky’ is like a drawer that opens and closes to insert and remove the film cassette.

45. TABLE OR UPRIGHT BUCKY TRAY

46. Radiographic grid ?

50. Bucky cross hatched
Grids are used to “clean up” scatter radiation from the patient
To improve
contrast on the radiograph
Potter-Bucky are usually a focused moving grid

52. CASSETTES W/ GRID CAPS

53. Radiation shields

54. Viewing images
View boxes
Computer monitors

55. COLLIMATOR ATTACHES DIRECTLY BELOW THE X-RAY TUBE
SERVES AS A X-RAY BEAM LIMITING DEVISE
CONTROLS THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF X-RAY FIELD

56. Cone collimator

57. ALWAYS KEEP THE COLLIMATED AREA SMALLER THAN THE SIZE OF THE CASSETTE

58. X-ray tube controls Displays Tube angle Distance to table top bucky
Collimator controls
Tube lock controls
High voltage cables

59. CASSETTE or FILM HOLDER
The CASSETTE is used to hold the film during examinations. It consist of front and back intensifying screens, and has a lead (Pb) backing. The cassette is light tight

60. CR image capture
PSP Plate
PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR PLATE

61. FILM direct exposure & screen-film or film-screen
SIZES
14 X 17
14 X 14
11 X 14
10 X 12
8 X 10

62. Film Sizes Standard “inches”: 8” x 10” 10” x 12” 11” x 14” 14” x 17”
Metric:
18cm x 24cm
24cm x 30cm
30cm x 35cm
35cm x 43cm

63. DR(DDR) Collection element TFT (Thin film transistor) Photodiode
CCD (charge-coupled device)

64. CONTROL CONSOLE GIVES THE TECHNOLOGIST CONTROL OF THE X-RAY MACHINE
TECHNIQUE SELECTION
Located OUTSIDE of the Radiographic Room

66. The Control Console
The control console is device that allows the technologist to set technical factors (mAs & kVp) and to make an exposure.
Only a legally licensed individual is authorized to energize the console.

67. “Technique” kVp , mAs (mA x s)
What is set at the control panel
How the “image” is created on the “film” or Image receptor (digital)
kVp controls the “ENERGY” of the beam
The Higher kVp – more penetrating
Ranges is in Diagnostic x-ray

68. + 30% % mas

69. kVp Changes

70. Darkroom

72. What is in the Darkroom?

73. Safe Light 15 Watts Red filter
Must be 3-6 feet from counter top or feed tray of processor
Used to be amber or orange filter

76. UNLOAD EXPOSED FILM

77. FILM ID PRINTER

78. FILM BIN - STORAGE

80. Transport System (Rollers)
Entrance
Crossover
Feed Tray
Squeegee
Deep Racks
Dryer
Turnaround

81. Analog processor

83. CR processor
What does a DDR processor look like?

85. Other x-ray stuff….
Positioning phantoms
Pixie

86. Dosimeter
An instrument that detects and measures exposures to ionizing radiation
Personal vs Field survey instruments

87. Densitometer
Measures optical density on a radiograph

88. Step wedge or penetrometer
Test tool made from aluminum
Accurately-calibrated filter strip that provides a stepped range of exposures

89. Other x-ray stuff….
Positioning sponges
Lead markers
Gurney