1. URINARY SYSTEM A&P

2. URINARY SYSTEM AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS

3. URINARY SYSTEM PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:  2 KIDNEYS  2 URETERS  1 BLADDER  1 URETHRA

5. KIDNEYS BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY PERITONEAL MEMBRANE

7. KIDNEYS PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE CAPSULE EACH KIDNEY IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS TISSUE=RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE

9. KIDNEYS CORTEXMEDULLA DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA  CORTEX  CORTEX= o OUTER SECTION NEPHRONS NEPHRONS o CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (NEPHRONS AID IN PRODUCTION OF URINE)

10. KIDNEYS  MEDULLA  MEDULLA= o INNER SECTION COLLECTING TUBULES COLLECTING TUBULES o CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES (COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS THROUGH THE KIDNEY)

12. KIDNEYS HILUM EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM HILUM HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM

14. KIDNEYS NEPHRONS NEPHRONS=MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS OF THE KIDNEY THERE ARE MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS PER KIDNEY

16. KIDNEYS EACH NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A:  GLOMERULUS  BOWMAN’S CAPSULE  PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE  DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE  COLLECTING DUCT (TUBULE)

17. KIDNEYS RENAL ARTERY THE RENAL ARTERY CARRIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY BRANCHES OF THE RENAL ARTERY PASS THROUGH THE MEDULLA TO THE CORTEX GLOMERULUS THIS IS WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE 1 ST PART OF THE NEPHRON, THE GLOMERULUS GLOMERULUS GLOMERULUS=CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES

18. KIDNEYS GLOMERULUS WATER, MINERAL SALTS, GLUCOSE, METABOLIC PRODUCTS, & OTHER SUBSTANCES ARE FILTERED OUT OF THE BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS RBCS & PROTEINS ARE NOT FILTERED OUT

19. KIDNEYS RENAL VEIN FILTERED BLOOD LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS & MOVES TO THE RENAL VEIN WHICH CARRIES IT AWAY FROM THE KIDNEY BOWMAN’S CAPSULE THE SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT BY THE GLOMERULUS ENTER THE NEXT SECTION OF THE NEPHRON, BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

20. KIDNEYS BOWMAN’S CAPSULE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE=C-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS CONVOLUTED TUBULE IT IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PICKS UP THE FILTERED MATERIALS & PASSES THEM INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE

22. KIDNEYS TUBULE AS THE FILTERED MATERIAL PASSES THROUGH THE TUBULE, SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES THOSE SUBSTANCES ARE MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AND MINERAL SALTS

23. KIDNEYS EXCESS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL SALTS, SOME WATER, AND WASTES (UREA, URIC ACID, AND CREATININE) REMAIN IN THE TUBULE URINE THESE EXCESS SUBSTANCES ARE A CONCENTRATED LIQUID=URINE

24. KIDNEYS URINE URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS (TUBULES) LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA RENAL PELVIS THE COLLECTING DUCTS EMPTY INTO THE RENAL PELVIS (RENAL BASIN), RENAL PELVIS RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE 1 ST SECTION OF THE URETER

28. URETERS 2 MUSCULAR TUBES 10-12 INCHES LONG RENAL PELVIS RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED 1 ST SECTION OF URETER ONE URETER EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF EACH KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER

29. URETERS PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE THROUGH URETER FROM KIDNEY TO BLADDER

31. BLADDER HOLLOW, MUSCULAR SAC FOUND BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS LOCATED AT MIDLINE OF PELVIC CAVITY RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS STORES URINE UNTIL IT IS VOIDED VOIDURINATEMICTURATE VOID=URINATE=MICTURATE

32. BLADDER LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE RUGAE MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS RUGAE (FOLDS) RUGAE DISAPPEAR AS BLADDER EXPANDS TO FILL WITH URINE BLADDER WALLS ARE MADE OF TRIPLE LAYER OF VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE

34. BLADDER CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTROLS THE BLADDER OPENING TO PREVENT EMPTYING RECEPTORS IN BLADDER SEND OUT A REFLEX ACTION WHICH OPENS THE MUSCLE URGE TO VOID OCCURS WHEN BLADDER HAS 250ML BUT IT CAN HOLD MUCH MORE

35. BLADDER INFANTS CANNOT CONTROL THE REFLEX ACTION AS CHILDREN GROW, THEY LEARN TO CONTROL THE REFLEX

37. URETHRA TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE OF BODY URINARY MEATUS URINARY MEATUS=EXTERNAL OPENING OF URETHRA

38. URETHRA FEMALE FEMALE URETHRA:  1.5 INCHES LONG  OPENS IN FRONT OF VAGINA  CARRIES ONLY URINE

39. URETHRA MALE MALE URETHRA:  8 INCHES LONG  PASSES THROUGH THE PROSTATE GLAND  EXISTS THE PENIS  CARRIES BOTH URINE & SEMEN (NOT AT THE SAME TIME)

41. URINE LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT OF URINARY SYSTEM APROX 95% WATER WASTE CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTE PRODUCTS: UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS, PIGMENTS

42. URINE EXCESS USEFUL PRODUCTS (LIKE SUGAR) CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN URINE WHEN USEFUL PRODUCTS ARE IN URINE, IT USUALLY INDICATES DISEASE

43. URINE KIDNEYS FILTER ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID DAILY ABOUT 1,500-2,000 ML (1.5-2 QUARTS) OF URINE ARE PRODUCED DAILY

44. URINATION TERMS TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT URINATION:  POLYURIA=EXCESSIVE URINATION  OLIGURIA=BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE  ANURIA=ABSENCE OF URINATION  HEMATURA=BLOOD IN URINE

45. URINATION TERMS  PYURIA=PUS IN URINE  NOCTURIA=URINATION AT NIGHT  DYSURIA=PAINFUL URINATION  RETENTION=INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER  INCONTINENCE=INVOLUNTARY URINATION

46. URINATION TERMS  PROTEINURA=PROTEIN IN URINE  ALBUMINURA=ALBUMIN (A BLOOD PROTEIN) IN URINE