1. Section II: The Enlightenment (Pages 422-426) This section is about: This section is about: How enlightenment thinkers influence grew beyond science. How enlightenment thinkers influence grew beyond science. How new ideas also influenced thinking about human behavior, government, economics, and the arts. How new ideas also influenced thinking about human behavior, government, economics, and the arts.

2. The man on the right in the pictures on pages 423 is a HUGE part of how you live your life today – any ideas why? The man on the right in the pictures on pages 423 is a HUGE part of how you live your life today – any ideas why? Look at the vocabulary words on page 422. Look at the vocabulary words on page 422. And the “ Main Ideas ” – especially “ A. ” And the “ Main Ideas ” – especially “ A. ”

3. Political, Economic, and Social Thought The late 1600 ’ s and the 1700 ’ s in Europe is a period called “ the Enlightenment. ” The late 1600 ’ s and the 1700 ’ s in Europe is a period called “ the Enlightenment. ” Ideas from the Scientific Revolution spread to other areas of thought. Ideas from the Scientific Revolution spread to other areas of thought. If mathematical reasoning could figure out the laws of the universe, could they also figure out laws of society and human behavior? If mathematical reasoning could figure out the laws of the universe, could they also figure out laws of society and human behavior? Thinkers thought they could use reason to solve all human problems and improve people ’ s lives. Thinkers thought they could use reason to solve all human problems and improve people ’ s lives. Sometimes this time is also called “ the Age of Reason. ” Sometimes this time is also called “ the Age of Reason. ”

4. The Search for Natural Law The Reformation and religious wars had shook up people ’ s older ideas about things. The Reformation and religious wars had shook up people ’ s older ideas about things. People began to question every aspect of life, including human nature, rules of society, and forms of government. People began to question every aspect of life, including human nature, rules of society, and forms of government. People began looking for a natural law (the conditions that govern human behavior). People began looking for a natural law (the conditions that govern human behavior). They believed all problems of society could be solved through reasoning. They believed all problems of society could be solved through reasoning. All they wanted was a fair society and a good government. All they wanted was a fair society and a good government. Kings and the Catholic Church wanted to keep the old ways. Kings and the Catholic Church wanted to keep the old ways.

5. Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes believed people were by nature evil and needed a strong government. Thomas Hobbes believed people were by nature evil and needed a strong government. He lived during England ’ s civil wars and saw people as cruel, greedy, and selfish. He lived during England ’ s civil wars and saw people as cruel, greedy, and selfish. Without government control, people rob, kill, and enslave each other. Without government control, people rob, kill, and enslave each other. He believed the way to avoid that was to enter into a social contract. He believed the way to avoid that was to enter into a social contract. (agree to give up personal freedom to live in an organized, safe, and secure society). (agree to give up personal freedom to live in an organized, safe, and secure society). He believed a strong government could do this, but they had to have absolute power. He believed a strong government could do this, but they had to have absolute power. ……… ………

6. Another English Philosopher – John Locke – had other theories of people and government. Another English Philosopher – John Locke – had other theories of people and government. He said government was based on co-operation between people and the government of their choice. He said government was based on co-operation between people and the government of their choice. Locke thought people were guided by reason and good will and possessed the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Locke thought people were guided by reason and good will and possessed the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He believed in the power to govern was a trust given by the people. He believed in the power to govern was a trust given by the people. If that ruler does not work for the public good, people have the right to change that government. If that ruler does not work for the public good, people have the right to change that government.

7. New Views of the Economy Another group of the time tried to explain the economy. Another group of the time tried to explain the economy. They didn ’ t like heavy taxes and government interference in trade/business. They didn ’ t like heavy taxes and government interference in trade/business. They believed in laissez faire: letting businesses run without government interference. They believed in laissez faire: letting businesses run without government interference. Adam Smith believed in a free market economy: buying and selling should not be controlled by the government. Adam Smith believed in a free market economy: buying and selling should not be controlled by the government. Supply and demand should control wages and prices – no government controls. Supply and demand should control wages and prices – no government controls. His book (The Wealth of Nations) still influences economics today. His book (The Wealth of Nations) still influences economics today.

8. The Ideas of the Philosophes Enlightenment thinkers in France were called: Enlightenment thinkers in France were called: They believed science and reason could improve people ’ s lives. They believed science and reason could improve people ’ s lives. Education was a key to doing this. Education was a key to doing this. They were interested in developing new ideas, but also studied knowledge from the past. They were interested in developing new ideas, but also studied knowledge from the past. They spoke out for individual rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of worship. They spoke out for individual rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of worship.

9. Famous Philosophes One of the leading philosophes: Voltaire (French writer). One of the leading philosophes: Voltaire (French writer). He studied the ideas of Newton and Locke. He studied the ideas of Newton and Locke. He liked the idea of freedom speech that England had. He liked the idea of freedom speech that England had. When he went back to France he wrote many essays, plays and letters which urged the French to make reforms. When he went back to France he wrote many essays, plays and letters which urged the French to make reforms. ……………… ……………… Man is free at the instant he wants to be. Man is free at the instant he wants to be. We should be considerate to the living; to the dead we owe only the truth. We should be considerate to the living; to the dead we owe only the truth. All men are equal; it is not their birth, But virtue itself that makes the difference. All men are equal; it is not their birth, But virtue itself that makes the difference. One always speaks badly when we have nothing to say. One always speaks badly when we have nothing to say. Love truth, but pardon error. Love truth, but pardon error. The secret of being a bore is to tell everything. The secret of being a bore is to tell everything. It is better to risk sparing a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one. It is better to risk sparing a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one. It is dangerous to be right in matters where established men are wrong. It is dangerous to be right in matters where established men are wrong. Every man is guilty of all the good he did not do. Every man is guilty of all the good he did not do. Opinions have caused more ills than the plague or earthquakes on this little globe of ours. Opinions have caused more ills than the plague or earthquakes on this little globe of ours. There are truths which are not for all men, nor for all times. There are truths which are not for all men, nor for all times. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. Let us read, and let us dance; these two amusements will never do any harm to the world. Let us read, and let us dance; these two amusements will never do any harm to the world. I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the universe can exist without a clockmaker. I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the universe can exist without a clockmaker. Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize. To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize.

10. The Baron de Montesquieu also had ideas (and criticized France ’ s monarch. The Baron de Montesquieu also had ideas (and criticized France ’ s monarch. He believed the power of government should be divided up into three parts (L/E/J). He believed the power of government should be divided up into three parts (L/E/J). He believed each of these would limit the power of the others. He believed each of these would limit the power of the others. His ideas also had a huge impact on: His ideas also had a huge impact on: ………….. …………..

11. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was another Philosophe. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was another Philosophe. He believed humans were born good, but were spoiled by society. He believed humans were born good, but were spoiled by society. Society made people unequal and unhappy and set people against each other. Society made people unequal and unhappy and set people against each other. He wanted people to return to a simpler way of living. He wanted people to return to a simpler way of living. His book (The Social Contract) spoke out against government of his time. His book (The Social Contract) spoke out against government of his time. He also believed government was based on an agreement made by the people. He also believed government was based on an agreement made by the people.

12. The Encyclopedie A man named Denis Diderot decided to try and get the ideas of all these great philosophes of the Enlightenment written down. A man named Denis Diderot decided to try and get the ideas of all these great philosophes of the Enlightenment written down. These included ideas of science, religion, government, philosophy, and the arts. These included ideas of science, religion, government, philosophy, and the arts. He ended up with 35 volumes of books called The Enyclopeidie. He ended up with 35 volumes of books called The Enyclopeidie. It encouraged freedom of expression, urged education for all, and criticized slavery and religion. It encouraged freedom of expression, urged education for all, and criticized slavery and religion. This was one of the greatest achievements of the enlightenment. This was one of the greatest achievements of the enlightenment.

13. The Enlightenment and Society Enlightenment ideas spread quickly (printing press). Enlightenment ideas spread quickly (printing press). They even put individual ideas in pamphlets that were cheap enough for everyone to afford. They even put individual ideas in pamphlets that were cheap enough for everyone to afford. This gave all people a new view of the world – that societies should involve happiness and justice for all people (regardless of rank). This gave all people a new view of the world – that societies should involve happiness and justice for all people (regardless of rank). (Only 2 original Encyclopedie left in the world)

14. The Enlightenment Salons Many of the philosophes knew each other personally and would get together once in a while to talk. Many of the philosophes knew each other personally and would get together once in a while to talk. They began having salon gatherings (started by French noble women) to discuss Enlightenment ideas. They began having salon gatherings (started by French noble women) to discuss Enlightenment ideas. The philosophes believed in equality for all people… The philosophes believed in equality for all people… Except women Except women But some women began protesting for equal rights. But some women began protesting for equal rights. They believed: They believed: Women should not be completely dependent on men. Women should not be completely dependent on men. There should be equal education for boys and girls. There should be equal education for boys and girls. Through education, women could be equal to men. Through education, women could be equal to men. ……….. ………..

15. But not everyone supported the enlightenment or its ’ ideas. But not everyone supported the enlightenment or its ’ ideas. Who? Who? Officials sometimes tried to stop the spread of these new ideas through censorship (restricting access to ideas or information). Officials sometimes tried to stop the spread of these new ideas through censorship (restricting access to ideas or information). They tried to ban – and sometimes even burn certain books they saw as a threat. They tried to ban – and sometimes even burn certain books they saw as a threat. Some governments and the Roman Catholic Church

16. Enlightened Despots (rulers) Enlightenment thinkers thought they might be able to change the way some rulers ran their countries. Enlightenment thinkers thought they might be able to change the way some rulers ran their countries. Some did: Frederick II (Prussia): religious toleration and tried to improve peasant life. Frederick II (Prussia): religious toleration and tried to improve peasant life. Catherine the Great (Russia): opened some schools and some political reforms. Catherine the Great (Russia): opened some schools and some political reforms. Joseph II (Austria): tolerant of Protestants and Jews in his Roman Catholic country and ended censorship. Joseph II (Austria): tolerant of Protestants and Jews in his Roman Catholic country and ended censorship.

17. Arts and Culture When society changes, so does the art. When society changes, so does the art. Many rich patrons supported the new ideas in art. Many rich patrons supported the new ideas in art. Renaissance art “ evolved ” into Baroque art (grand, energetic, and theatrical painting, sculpture, music, and theater). Renaissance art “ evolved ” into Baroque art (grand, energetic, and theatrical painting, sculpture, music, and theater). Paintings were large, colorful, and full of excitement. Paintings were large, colorful, and full of excitement. Buildings were huge with lots of decoration. Buildings were huge with lots of decoration. Music was deeply expressive (Johan Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel). Music was deeply expressive (Johan Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel).