1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues

2. The cell is the building block of all human things
Smallest unit capable of life by itself

3. Cell Made of primarily 4 elements C arbon H ydrogen O xygen N itrogen
Includes many other elements important for functions

4. Cells
Cells are about 60% water and are bathed in interstitial fluid

5. In general all cells have 3 main parts
The generalized cell is used to describe typical cell features.
In general all cells have 3 main parts

6. Cells
3 main parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

7. Nucleus The Control Center Genes located here
Genes contain coded information that tells how protein molecules will be made.

8. Nucleus
DNA has the instructions for building the body

9. Nucleus Has 3 structures: Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin
Selective and permeable
Site where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis
When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.
When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes

10. Nucleus
Chromatin
When the cell is dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes
When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.

11. Plasma Membrane
Has 2 layers of lipids with 1 layer of protein The two fats are phospholipids and cholesterol.
Some of the proteins are enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins

12. Plasma Membrane
Microvilli – tiny hair like projections that increase the surface area for absorption to occur more quickly

13. Cytoplasm Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.
Contains organelles: the “machinary” of the cell.

14. Organelles
Means “little organs”
We will look at 9 organelles

15. Organelles: Ribosomes
Tiny round dark bodies Made of protein and RNA
Site for protein synthesis
Some float free in cytoplasm,others attach to the cell membrane

16. Organelles: Ribosomes

17. Rough ER Smooth ER Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fluid filled canals twisting through the cytoplasm
Network of channels to carry substances through the cell
Rough ER
Smooth ER

18. Rough ER Smooth ER Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes.
Forms building material for cellular membranes
Does not synthesis protein Does synthesis and breakdown cholesterol, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs

19. Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
11. Smooth ER
3. Smooth ER
8. Rough ER

20. Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
Stack of flattened membraneous sacs.
A “traffic director” for proteins
Modifies and packages proteins.

21. Organelles: Golgi Apparatus

22. Organelles: LYSOSOMES
Membaneous bags containing powerful digestive enzymes
Digest worn out or non usuable cell structures and foreign bodies
Especially abundant in WBC
Contains enzymes

23. Organelles: LYSOSOMES

24. Organelles: Peroxisomes
Membaneous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful or poisonous substances
Disarms dangerous free radicals
Accumulated free radicals can cause Cancer
Especially abundant in liver and kidney cells

25. Organelles: Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Sausage shaped but can change shape continuously
Contain shelf like projections called Cristae
Contain enzymes used to break down food
As food is broken down, energy is released
Released as heat or used to form ATP
Abundant in liver and muscle cells

26. Organelles: Mitochondria

27. Organelles: Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm
Acts a cells bones and muscles
Includes :
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Gives cell shape and support

28. Organelles: Cytoskeleton

29. Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus
Organelles: Centrioles
Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus
Important during cell division

30. Organelles: Centrioles

31. Organelles: Cilia and Flagella
Projections to move substances along
Flagella are projections that are much longer then cilia.
Found in sperm cells and are used to propel the cell itself.

32. Organelles: Centrioles
5. Microvilli

33. 7. nucleus
6. nucleolus

34. Passive Transport
Diffusion
Filtration
No energy required from cell.

35. Passive Transport Diffusion:
Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Kinetic energy
(energy of motion)

36. Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

37. Passive Transport Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to hold water or pull water into it.
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic

38. Passive Transport Hypertonic Cell will shrink.
Solution has more solutes then inside cell.
More water inside cell then outside cell so water leaves cell and goes into solution.
Cell shrinks.

39. Passive Transport Isotonic Cell will stay the same
Same solute and water concentration as cell.
Cell stays the same.

40. Passive Transport Hypotonic Cell will swell
Solution has fewer solutes.
Water rushes into cell.
Cell swells.

41. Salt Sucks Passive Transport Remember:
Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

42. Passive Transport
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic

43. Still Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Passive Transport
Still Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Filtration:
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.
In the body the blood exerts hydrostatic pressure

44. Active Transport
The cell uses some of its ATP to move substances across the cell membrane
Solute Pumping
Bulk Transport

45. Active Transport Solute Pumping Or active transport.
Uses ATP to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration
The cell keeps the intracellular solute concentration low by pumping out ions

46. Active Transport 2. Bulk Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis
Also uses ATP to go from a low concentration to a high concenration but is used when the substance cannot move across the plasma (cell) membrane
Exocytosis
Endocytosis

47. Active Transport Exocytosis Moves substances out of the cell.
Waste material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and spills out of the cell

48. Active Transport Endocytosis Moves substances into the cell.
Material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and moves into the cell

50. Active Transport Cell eating (large particles) Cell drinking
When large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells are engulfed it is called:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Cell eating (large particles)
Cell drinking

51. Cell Division
Occurs to produce more cells for growth or repair
Mitosis
Results in the formation of 2 daughter cells with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus

52. Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis 46 23 23 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46

53. Cell Division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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54. Cell Division Prophase Chromosomes appear
DNA replication has already occurred.
Each chromosome is actually made of 2 strands

55. Cell Division Metaphase
Chromosomes cluster and become of the spindle

56. Cell Division Anaphase
Chromosomes begin to move apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Cells begin to split

57. Cell Division Telophase Prophase in reverse.
Chromosomes become chromatin again.
Cells have completely split

58. 4 major type of tissues Body Tissues
Groups of cells with a similar function form tissues

59. 4 major type of tissues Body Tissues Epithelium Connective Nervous
Muscle

60. Body Tissues Protects Epithelium
Lining, covering and glandular tissues of the body
Protects
Skin protects against bacteria
Lining of respiratory tract sweeps debris away

61. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Absorb
Filter
Secrete
Lines digestive organs and intestines to absorb food
In kidneys
Glands. Secrete perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, mucous

62. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Generates easily.
Does not have their own blood supply.
Simple and Stratified
Squamous
Cubodial
Columnar
Glandular

63. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Squamous 1.
Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, esophagus, mouth, outer part of skin
13.

64. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Cubodial 5.
Glands and ducts, salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidneys 9.

65. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Columnar
11.
Digestive tract: mouth to anus, mucous membranes
15.

66. Body Tissues - Epithelium
Glandular
Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into blood.
Exocrine glands: sweat and oil

67. Body Tissues Connective Connects body parts
Most abundant of all tissue types
Most have their own blood supply
The exception is tendons and ligaments
Protect, support and bind together other body tissues

68. Body Tissues Connective Bone Cartilage Dense Loose Blood
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Dense
Loose
Areolar & Adipose
Blood

69. Body Tissues - Connective
Bone
14.
Osseous tissue
Protects and supports

70. Body Tissues - Connective
Cartilage
More flexible then bone 3.

71. Body Tissues - Connective
Cartilage – 3 types
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
Most wide spread. Larynx, ribs to breastbone, ends of bones
ears
Disc btw vertebrae

72. Body Tissues - Connective
Dense
Form strong rope like structures like:
tendons
ligaments
Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone
Connects bone to bone

73. Body Tissues - Connective
Dense
10.

74. Body Tissues - Connective
Loose
Softer
2 types:
Aerolar
Adipose

75. Body Tissues - Connective
Loose
17.
Softer
Aerolar
Cushions and protects. Acts as a glue to hold internal organs in place

76. Body Tissues - Connective
Loose 8.
Softer
Adipose
Also called FAT. Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
Insulates and protects
Stores fat for fuel when needed

77. Body Tissues - Connective
Blood
Vascular tissue 4.

78. Contracts or shortens to produce movement
Body Tissues
Muscle
Contracts or shortens to produce movement
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

79. Body Tissues - Muscle Skeletal 2. Attached to the skeleton Voluntary
Striated 2.
You control movements
Stripes for strength

80. Body Tissues - Muscle Cardiac 16. Found only in the heart Involuntary
Striated
16.
not controlled by you
Stripes for strength

81. Body Tissues - Muscle Smooth 18. Involuntary nonstriated
Or visceral muscle tissue
Involuntary
nonstriated
18.
not controlled by you
No stripes, extra strength not needed

82. Body Tissues 12. Nervous 7 Made of cells called neurons
Has the characteristic of:
Irritability
conductivity 7
senses stimuli
Reacts to stimuli

83. Tissue Repair Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

84. Tissue Repair
Fibrosis - repair with dense connective tissue

85. Tissue Repair
Epithelial tissue, fibrous connective and bone usually repairs well.

86. Tissue Repair Skeletal muscle repair poorly
Cardiac and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord are replaced only by scar tissue

87. Tissue Repair Neoplasm Abnormal mass of proliferating cells.
Can be benign or malignant

89. Tissue Repair hyperplasia Enlarged because of an irritant or stimulus.
benign

90. atrophy Tissue Repair Without development
Decrease in size. Occurs when decrease in stimulus. Muscles with no stimulus atrophy

91. Meiosis

92. Mitosis

93. Review
The smallest unit capable of life by itself is the _______________?
cell

94. protein and lipids Review
What two substances are found in the plasma membrane?
protein and lipids

95. those specializing in absorption
Review
Which types of cells are most likely to have microvilli?
those specializing in absorption

96. Review
Which two organelles consume lots of oxygen?
Perioxisomes and mitochondria

97. Review
What is the coded information that dictates the structure of a protein molecule?
gene

98. Review
Groups of cells make?
tissues

99. Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs

100. Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs

101. Review organelles
Powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondria
Synthesizes steroid hormones?
Smooth ER

102. Review organelles
Site of ribosome synthesis?
nucleolus
Assembles and packages materials to be secreted from the cell?
Golgi apparatus

103. Review tissues
Smooth cardiac and skeletal?
muscle
Lines body cavities, covers surfaces?
epithelium

104. Review tissues
Cartilage, adipose, areolar?
connective
Cubodial, columnar, squamous?
epithelium

105. Review tissues
Another name for adipose tissue?
fat
Which tissue is UNABLE to repair after injury?
Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord

106. Review
A RBC in a hypertonic solution?
Will shrink
A RBC in a hypotonic solution?
swells