1. Chapter 10 Contraception

2. Historical and Social Perspectives Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history U.S. Contraceptive Efforts –1800s Comstock Laws –1915: Margaret Sanger –U.S. Supreme Court Rulings Griswold vs. Connecticut Eisenstadt vs. Baird

3. Contemporary Issues on Contraception Worldwide contraceptive usage increase Planning for wanted children Physical health of mother Insurance coverage of contraceptives Population growth Cultural gender-role expectations Wide diversity of views among cultures and religious groups

4. Sharing Responsibility for Contraception Ask about birth control before intercourse Read and discuss options together Attend a class or clinic together Share expenses

5. Choosing a Birth Control Method Consider effectiveness and cost Consider ease of use and side effects Characteristics of ineffective use

6. Hormone-Based Contraceptives 4 Basic Types of The Pills Combination pill Triphasic pill Constant dose Progestin-only pill

7. Other Hormone-Based Contraceptives Vaginal ring Transdermal patch Injected contraceptives

8. Barrier Methods Male Condom –Sheath fits over erect penis Female Condom –Worn internally by a female Additional protection from condoms

9. Male Condom

10. Female Condom

11. Vaginal Spermicides Can be purchased in pharmacies without a prescription Types –Foam, sponge, suppositories, creams, contraceptive film (VCF)

12. Cervical Barrier Devices Diaphragm Cervical cap FemCap Lea’s Shield

13. Cervical Barrier Devices

14. Intrauterine Devices Affect sperm motility and viability Thicken cervical mucous Alter endometrial lining Impair tubal motility

15. Intrauterine Devices

16. Emergency Contraception Hormone Pills –Birth control pills taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse Copper-T IUD –Inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex Access issues and advancement

17. Fertility Awareness Methods Standard days method Mucus method Calendar method Basal body temperature method

18. Sterilization Most effective method Leading method in U.S. and the world Reversal about 50% effective

19. Female Sterilization

20. Male Sterilization: Vasectomy

21. Nursing A Less than Effective Method of Birth Control Amenorrhea is common for a brief period after birth while breastfeeding 80% ovulate before first period

22. Withdrawal Before Ejaculation A Less than Effective Method Difficult to judge when to withdraw Anxiety may lower pleasure Cowper’s gland fluid may carry sperm Any sperm on vulva may travel into vagina/uterus Unreliable

23. New Directions in Contraception Males –Progestin/Testosterone implant or injection –Medication to prevent ejaculation during orgasm –Reversible vasectomy in clinical trials Females –Non-hormonal methods Contraceptive vaccine, vaginal ring, spermicide –Spray on contraceptive –Spermicide to protect against STIs