1. Human Populations Ch 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =4BbkQiQyaYc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =4BbkQiQyaYc

3.  Past 200 years grown exponentially –Expand to new areas –Agriculture –Sanitation, antibiotics, vaccines, fossil fuels  1.23% growth rate (2.4 people every time your heart beats)  Reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011  http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html  2050 est. reach 7.2 – 10.6 billion

4.  Developed countries (MDC) –Highly industrial –High GDP (gross domestic product) – annual market value of all goods/services –Growth 0.1% per year  Developing countries (LDC) –Low to mod. Industrialization –Low to mod. GDP –Growth 1.5% per year –Most Africa, Asia, and Latin America

5. Factors Affecting Population Size  # births (fertility)  # deaths (mortality)  Migration  Population change = (b+i) – (d+e)  Demographers use: –Birth rate (crude birth rate) - # live births per 1000 people in a particular area –Death rate (crude death rate) - # deaths per 1000 people in a particular area

7.  China  and India 37%  US 4.5%

8.  Fertility = # children born to a woman during her lifetime  2 Types of Fertility Rates –1. Replacement level - # children a couple has to replace themselves –2.1 (MDC) and 2.5 (LDC) –Still world pop. would continue to grow for 50 more years (due to future parents)

9. –2. Total fertility rate (TFR) – ave. # children a woman typically has during her reproductive years –Global 2.7 –MDC 1950 2.5 now 1.6 –LDC 1950 6.9 now 2.9 (still above 2.1)

10. US. Population  1900 76 million – 2006 299 million  1945 – 1964 baby boom +79 million  1965 – 1977 baby bust –Delayed marriage –Contraception –Abortion  56% growth due to births  44% growth immigration

13.  Largest ecological footprint  1905 –3 leading causes of death  Pneumonia  TB  Diarrhea –90% US doctors no college edu. –1 in 5 adults illiterate –Daily wage 22 cents per hour –9000 cars on roads –144 mi. paved roads –3 min. phone call from Denver to NY $11 –30 people lived in Las Vegas –Most women washed their hair 1 time per week

14. Factors Affecting Death Rates  Declining death rates –Increased food supplies –Better nutrition –Advances in medicine –Improved sanitation –Safer water supplies  Has led to: lower premature death rates due to less illness and disease –Rapid growth rate due to low death rate especially in developing countries – –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo

15. 2 indications of overall health of a country  Life expectancy –1955 – 2006 global (48yrs – 67yrs) 77 in MDC and 65 in LDC  US 47yrs – 78yrs (82 by 2050)  Poorest countries currently 49yrs or less  Infant mortality rate–children who die before age 1 –1965 – 2006 global: MDC 20 – 6.3 LDC 118 – 59 LDC 118 – 59 – 7.6 million die of preventable causes –US 1900 (165) – 2006 (6.7) due to inadequate health care for poor, drug addiction, high birth rate among teens

16. Factors that affect birth rate  1) importance of children in labor force (LDC)  2) cost of raising children - $250,000  3) availability of pension systems – red. need for support by kids  4) urbanization – better access to family planning  5) edu. and employment opportunities for women –Ex: Brazil literate women 2 children illiterate women 6 children illiterate women 6 children  6) Infant mortality rate

17.  7) age at marriage ( 25 years or older = fewer kids)  8) availability of legal abortions  9) availability of reliable birth control  10) religious beliefs/traditions/cultural norms

18. Age structure  = distribution of males and females in each age group in the world’s population  Prereproductive – (0 – 14)  Reproductive – (15 – 44)  Postreproductive – (45 and up)

19. Pyramids

23. Demographic transitions  As countries become industrialized tend to go through 4 stages:

24.  Preindustrial – BR and DR about the same, population stable

25.  Transitional –BR remains high, death rates drop as living conditions improve  Runaway population growth in this stage

26.  Industrial- BR and DR about the same, pop growth slows

27.  Postindustrial- BR drops below death rate, dropping population