1. Week 3 Introduction

2. Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18 Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents and Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals

3. Assignment Hints Show your work, so I can give partial credit
Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help

4. Three Basic Units of Measurement
Volume – liter (L)
Weight – gram (g, gm)
Length – meter (m)

5. Sliding Mnemonic Conversions
Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L)
GRAM(g)
<<base>> * * 106
EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm

6. Liter is the metric unit of volume
=1,000,000microliters
1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters
=10 deciliters
=0.1 dekaliter
=0.01 hectoliter
=0.001 kiloliter 6 6

7. Volume Measurement 1 mL = 1cc **VERY IMPORTANT**
1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s **
1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s
1 L = 32 ounces (approx)
1L = 1000 mL=1000cc
1L = 1qt (approx) 7

8. Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)
1000 x 4 = 4000
4000cc = 4 L
Rule: 1000 cc = 1 L
_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)
200 ÷ 1000 = 0.2
0.2 L = 200 mL
Rule: 1000 mL= 1 L
_____ cc = 560 mL (same)
560 cc = 560 mL
Rule: 1 mL = 1 cc 8

9. Remember 1cc=1ml Alternate way
______ cc = 4 L
_____ L = 200 mL
1L = 1000mL (page 135)
4L x 1000cc/1L
4L x 1000cc 1L
L cross out leaving cc
4 x 1000cc = 4000cc
Again 1L = 1000mL
200mL x 1L/1000mL
200mL x 1L
1000mL
mL cross out leaving L
200/1000= 0.2L 9 9

10. Volume Mneumonic Method
4L=____cc
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
1cc=1mL
liter (base), move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s
4L=4000ml=4000cc
200ml=____L
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s
200ml=0.2L

11. Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = L (larger unit)
Who can solve this?
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit) 11

12. Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = L (larger unit)
8.01 x 1000 = 8010
8010 mL = 8.01 L
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3
300 mL = 0.3 L 12

13. Volume Alternate Way Remember cc same as mL
______ cc = L
_____ L = 300 mL
1L = 1000cc
8.01L x 1000cc/1L
L cross each other out
8.01 x 1000cc = 8010cc
1L = 1000mL
300mL x 1L/1000mL
The mL cross out Leaving L
300/1000= 0.3L 13 13

14. Volume Mneumonic Method
8.01L =___cc
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
Cc=mL
liter (base) move three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s)
8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc
300mL=____L
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left
300mL=0.3L

15. Metric Measure of Weight Gram
=1,000,000micrograms
1 gram= 1000 mg
= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams
= 0.1 dekagram
= 0.01 hectogram
= kilogram 15 15

16. Most Commonly Used Milligram Gram Kilogram 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g) ***
1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or kilo) 16 16

17. Weight Measurement 1 kg = 2.2 pounds *** 1 kg = 1000 g 1 mg = 0.001g
1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg 17

18. Weight Conversion Factors Alternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g(larger unit)
8 X 1000 = 8000 mg
8000 mg = 8 g
Rule: 1000 mg = 1 g
_____ mg = 635 mcg (smaller unit)
635 ÷ 1000 = mg
0.635 mg = 635 mcg
Rule: 1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg 18

19. Weight Alternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g
_____ mg = 635 mcg
Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136 8g x 1000mg/1g or 8g x 1000mg 1g g cross each other out 8 x 1000= 8000mg
1mg =1000mcg Page 136
635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg or
635mcg x 1mg
1000mcg
mcg cross each other out
635/1000= 0.635mcg 19 19

20. Weight Mneumonic Method
8g=____mg
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
gram (base) and move 3 units to the right to get milligrams
8g to the right becomes 8000mg
635mcg(µ)=____mg
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
mcg(µ) and move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams
635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg

21. _____ mcg = 0.3 mg (larger unit)
WHO CAN SOLVE THIS? 21 21

22. Answer 0.3mg = mcg Remember 1mg = 1000mcg (page 136) 0.3mg x 1000mcg
mg cross each other out leaving mcg
0.3 x 1000 = 300mcg >>OR<<
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
mg, move three to the right for mcg’s
0.3mg = 300mcg 22 22

23. Household System **Important**
Volume
1 cup (c) = 8 oz
1 pint (pt) = 2 c = 16 oz
1 quart (qt) = 2 pt = 4 c =32 oz
1 gallon (gal)= 4 qt= 8 pt = 16c = 128oz
Weight or mass
1 pound = 16 oz
Length
1 foot = 12 in
1 yard = 3ft 36in 23

24. Units Measured according to strength and desired effect heparin
insulin
penicillin G
vitamins A,D,E 24

25. Review Remember 1kg=2.2lbs
How much will a 160lb person weigh in kilograms? 25 25

26. Answer
160lbs x 1kg = 72.7kg
2.2lbs
The pounds cancel each other leaving kg. 26 26

27. Review
One teaspoon is how many mls? 27 27

28. Answer
5mls 28 28

29. Review One gram = x milligrams One liter = x milliliters
One Meter = x millimeters 29 29

30. Answer One gram = 1000milligrams One Liter = 1000 milliliters
One meter= 1000 millimeters 30 30

31. Questions 31

32. Drug Classes
ANTIBIOTICS

33. Chapter 18 Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.
Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.
Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.

34. When choosing an Antibiotic
Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.
Match bug to drug, if possible
What is the organism, what drugs is it sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.

35. Antibiotic Resistance
The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.
Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

36. Penicillin's First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s
Remain the most effective and least toxic of available antimicrobials.
Changes in the chemical structure of the penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.
Most generic names for penicillins end in–cillin while many trade names have pen in their names
Example:penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade

37. How Penicillin's are Classified
Narrow-spectrum
First generation
Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal
Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
Broad-Spectrum
Second generation
Effective against a broader spectrum
Extended-spectrum
Third generation
Wider antimicrobial action than second

38. Side Effects of Penicillins
Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics
Allergic reactions-rashes and hives
Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions than other medications
Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.
A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all
Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

39. Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)
First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline
Short Acting : Tetracycline
Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can decrease effectiveness
Harmful if used after the expiration date.
Side effects
Sun sensitivity
Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs.
Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

40. Macrolide Antibiotics
“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin
Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)
Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic ***
Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage
SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches

41. Other Abx Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)
Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin

42. Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
Antibacterials slow growth of bacteria while body builds its own defenses
Primarily treat urinary tract infections, in combination therapy for otitis media
Take oral sulfonamides with full glass of water on empty stomach

43. Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
May cause photosensitivity reactions
Urine should be acidic for optimum effectiveness
Take medications for urinary tract infections for 2 weeks to prevent development of more resistant infections
Topical preparations available in ocular forms, lotions, powders, ointments

44. Common Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
Gantrisin
Gantanol
Azulfidine
Triple Sulfa
Bactrim
Septra
Sulamyd
Silvadene cream

45. Viral Infections
Viruses—strands of genetic material wrapped in protein
Cannot sustain themselves independently; must rely on host
Difficult to suppress viral reproduction; host’s body cells would be harmed also

46. Drugs to treat Viral Infections
Drugs decrease symptoms, do not cure
Resistance to antiviral drugs major problem
Drug classifications:
non-HIV infection medications
HIV infection medications

47. Common Non- HIV Antiviral Drugs
Symmetrel and Flumadine—Influenza A
acyclovir (Zovirax)—herpes simplex, genital herpes, varicella zoster infections
ganciclovir— cytomegalovirus

48. HIV Antivirals No cure for HIV Dramatic advances in drug therapy
Health preserved, life prolonged
Multiple drug interactions and side effects
High cost, toxicity
Drug cocktail used; patient must adhere closely to prescribed dosage schedules
New drugs prescribed should be agents the patient has never taken

49. Week 3 Assignment & Discussion Board
Download the worksheet from Doc Sharing. (Week 3 Assignment.doc)
Complete the assignment in a Word document and submit through the Dropbox.
Please put header with your name, class time
Ex Janet Smith
HS140-8pm
Unit3assignment.doc

50. Discussion Board
Do not forget the discussion question for the week about
Mrs. Smith calls the doctor’s office wanting a prescription for antibiotics.
In your response address the following
Physician Concerns
Patient Concerns
Review CDC Guideline

51. Questions 51