1. GREEN You are responsible for writing everything that is in GREEN on your notes sheet. The Ocean

2. What is the ocean? The ocean is a dynamic system in which many chemical, biological, and physical changes are taking place – –The ocean is the largest reservoir for water and HEAT on the surface of the Earth

3. Weather The heat stored in the ocean drives most of the Earth’s weather – –This causes climates to be milder near the ocean than climate in the interior of the continents

4. Weather Winds have a powerful effect on the oceans and are an important force in creating ocean currents – –Ocean currents are a source of large scale distribution of energy and resources on the Earth

5. Upwelling makes the cold water along the bottom of the ocean near the shore begin to rise, carrying organic matter and sediment to the surface

6. Upwelling Phytoplankton use the nutrients from upwelling This attracts organisms that eat phytoplankton This attracts their consumers in return As a result, areas of upwelling tend to be areas of rich biological activity, providing resources to a great diversity of ocean organisms – –Approximately half of the fish caught in the world come from areas where there is upwelling

7. The Ocean’s Water Ocean water has many dissolved gases in it, especially nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide – –Ocean wind and waves agitate the surface of the water, causing there to be much exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere

8. Some properties of ocean water affect how much gas can be dissolved in it: – –Cold water holds more gas than warm water – –Low salinity water holds more gas than high salinity water – –Deep water, which has high pressure, holds more gas than shallow water

9. The Ocean’s Water Carbon dioxide is one of the most important bases that dissolve in the ocean – –Most CO2 reacts with the water to form bicarbonates – –Many marine organisms use this to form calcium bicarbonate shells – –As atmospheric levels of gases rise, so do the levels of the same gases dissolved in ocean water

10. Zones of the Ocean The ocean is divided into zones according to how far down sunlight can reach Plants are only found in the Photic (sunlit) Zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis

11. Energy enters the ocean through sunlight.. Phytoplankton perform photosynthesis and are the basis for every marine life food chain.

12. Zones of the Ocean Animals are found at all depths of the ocean – –Currents in the ocean recycle and circulate a variety of organic and inorganic materials that make nutrients, minerals and gases available to many organisms In the ocean there are many overlapping and intersecting food chains that form food webs – –Most marine creatures eat a variety of foods – –Ocean food webs and chains can also be connected to land-dwelling organisms

13. Dunes Continental Shelf Continental Slope 200 m Photic (sunlit) Zone 4000 m Labeling the Ocean Zones Add the following labels to your ocean diagram Deep Ocean 4°C 10°C Aphotic Zone (little to no sun)

15. Ocean Organisms Pick any three Draw and label them in your Ocean diagram Blue Shark Sea Gulls Jellyfish Sargassum Anglerfish: Blends into the background of its floating seaweed home Bobtail Squid Giant Sunfish Striped Tuna Orca Whale Bottlenose Dolphin

16. Sunlit Zone Organisms Hermit Crabs: Their hard shell protects them from the crashing waves. Sea Gulls Marine Mussels: Require a hard shell in order to protect themselves against the harsh waves. Barnacles: Anchor themselves to rocks Starfish

17. Ocean Organisms Kelp: Requires sunlight, so it grows near water surface in order to Plankton Coral Clown Fish Eel Sea Turtle

18. Open Ocean Birds Pick any 1 of these birds and label it on your Ocean diagram Sheerwater: Flies very close to the surface of the water Laysan Albatross Brown Pelican Western Gull

19. Continental shelf Continental slope 200 m 4000 m 10°C 4°C Photic (sunlit) Zone Aphotic Zone Deep Ocean Abyssal Plain Deep Sea Trench Labeling the Deep Ocean Add the labels in red to your ocean diagram

20. What is the Deep Ocean?  The Deep Ocean, also called the Oceanic Zone, includes the area off shore where the water measures 200 meters deep or deeper  The deep ocean is divided until multiple “subzones”  Mesopelagic  Bathypelagic  Abyssopelagic

21. Aphotic Zone – the part of the ocean with little to no sunlight The deep ocean has long been of interest to scientists – –In order to understand the deep ocean, scientists must gain access to very specific parts of it Observation tools include human-occupied submersibles, remote-controlled vehicles and autonomous robots

22. Deep Ocean Exploration Tools Human Occupied Submersible Remote Controlled Vehicle Autonomous Robot

23. Deep Ocean Life At one time, scientists thought that life could not exist on the deep ocean floor – –This was proven incorrect in 1977 Organisms living on the deep ocean floor can withstand tremendous pressure, high temperatures, utter darkness and toxic chemicals Many microbes have evolved chemosynthetic (instead of photosynthetic) processes to be able to create food using the dissolved chemicals in ocean water

24. Adaptations of Organisms in the Deep Ocean Bioluminescence Feeding mechanisms Body color Reproduction Long lives Gigantism

25. Bioluminescence Blue or blue-green in color – –Most fish have lost the ability to see red light Functions of Bioluminescence - -Headlights - -Social signal (attracting mates and mating) - -Lures to attract prey - -Counter-illumination - -Confusion - -“Burglar alarms”

26. Hydrothermal Vents Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps are areas where chemical rich fluids radiate from the seafloor – –These chemicals provide the energy for life in very harsh environments

27. Cold Seeps   Cold seeps produce lower-temperature fluids of natural gas, hydrocarbons, and methane at slower rates for longer periods   Some seeps may be thousands of years old! White bacteria around a cold seep Clams

28. What’s so special about the ocean? The ocean is one of Earth’s most valuable natural resources – –The ocean provides food – –It is used for travel and shipping – –It is mined for minerals and drilled for crude oil – –The ocean plays a critical role in removing carbon from the atmosphere and providing oxygen – –It regulates Earth’s climate – –It is an increasingly important source of biomedical organisms that could be used to fight disease

29. What’s so special about the Ocean? The ocean is also very important to life on land – –The oceans have been fished for thousands of years and are an integral part of human society – –Fish have been an important part of the economy for a very long time – –Fisheries today provide about 16% of the world’s total protein

30. Resources from the Ocean The word shipping refers to the activity of moving cargo with ships between seaports – –Types of ships include container ships, tankers, crude oil ships, chemical ships, bulk carriers, cable layers, general cargo ships ferries, car carriers, tugboats, barges and dredgers

31. Resources from the Ocean Tourism often has a negative impact on coastal and ocean ecosystems – –The negative effects of tourism originate with the over development of coastal habitats – –Often visitors produce more waste than locals, and it ends up dumped in our oceans!

32. Mining the ocean can be devastating to natural ecosystems – –We mine the ocean floor for diamonds, gold, silver and metal ores – –Dredging of any kind pulls up the ocean floor in a cloud of sediment and interferes with photosynthetic processes of phytoplankton and other marine life Drilling for oil is another activity that extracts resources from the ocean Resources from the Ocean

33. Make a COMIC! Write a comic strip using at least SIX out of our thirteen new vocabulary terms. Your comic must have dialogue. Your comic must have a minimum of FIVE panels.