1. Bordoloi and Bock Chapter 4 : Adding Power to Queries

2. Bordoloi and Bock LOGICAL OPERATORS (AND, OR, AND NOT) AND : Joins two or more conditions, and returns results only when all of the conditions are true.AND : Joins two or more conditions, and returns results only when all of the conditions are true. OR : Joins two or more conditions, and returns results when any of the conditions are true.OR : Joins two or more conditions, and returns results when any of the conditions are true. NOT : Negates the expression that follows it.NOT : Negates the expression that follows it.

3. Bordoloi and Bock AND OPERATOR SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_gender "Gender" FROM employee WHERE emp_gender = 'F' AND emp_last_name > ‘E' ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Gender ---------- ------------- ------ Joyner Suzanne F Markis Marcia F Prescott Sherri F

4. Bordoloi and Bock OR OPERATOR SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_gender "Gender" FROM employee WHERE emp_gender = 'F' OR emp_last_name > 'M' ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Gender --------------- --------------- ------ Joyner Suzanne F Markis Marcia F Prescott Sherri F Zhu Waiman M

5. Bordoloi and Bock NOT OPERATOR SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_dpt_number "Dept" FROM employee WHERE NOT emp_dpt_number = 7 ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Dept --------------- --------------- ----- Amin Hyder 3 Bordoloi Bijoy 1 Joyner Suzanne 3 Markis Marcia 3

6. Bordoloi and Bock Combining OR and AND Operators When the AND operator is combined with OR, the Oracle server will evaluate the condition connected by the AND first before any conditions connected with OR.When the AND operator is combined with OR, the Oracle server will evaluate the condition connected by the AND first before any conditions connected with OR. Parenthesis must be used to force an order of operation.Parenthesis must be used to force an order of operation.

7. Bordoloi and Bock Combining OR and AND Operators SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_dpt_number "Dept", emp_gender "Gender" FROM employee WHERE emp_last_name > 'E' AND emp_gender = 'F‘ OR emp_dpt_number = 1 ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Dept Gender --------------- -------------- ----- ------ Bordoloi Bijoy 1 M Joyner Suzanne 3 F Markis Marcia 3 F Prescott Sherri 7 F

8. Bordoloi and Bock Combining OR and AND Operators SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_dpt_number "Dept", emp_gender "Gender" FROM employee WHERE emp_last_name > 'E' AND (emp_gender = 'F' OR emp_dpt_number = 1) (emp_gender = 'F' OR emp_dpt_number = 1) ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Dept Gender --------------- --------------- ----- ------ Joyner Suzanne 3 F Markis Marcia 3 F Prescott Sherri 7 F

9. Bordoloi and Bock LISTS (IN AND NOT IN) There are two operators that are designed for testing to determine if data stored in a table column is either in or not in a list or set of values.There are two operators that are designed for testing to determine if data stored in a table column is either in or not in a list or set of values. These are the IN and NOT IN operators.These are the IN and NOT IN operators. These operators greatly simplify the task of writing queries that might otherwise require a large number of either OR logical operators or an unwieldy use of the NOT logical operator.These operators greatly simplify the task of writing queries that might otherwise require a large number of either OR logical operators or an unwieldy use of the NOT logical operator.

10. Bordoloi and Bock Using IN Operator SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary "Salary" emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary = 43000 OR emp_salary = 30000 OR emp_salary = 25000 ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name First Name Salary --------------- --------------- ----------- Markis Marcia $25,000.00 Amin Hyder $25,000.00 Prescott Sherri $25,000.00 Bock Douglas $30,000.00 Joyner Suzanne $43,000.00 Zhu Waiman $43,000.00 6 rows selected.

11. Bordoloi and Bock Using IN Operator SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary IN (43000, 30000, 25000) ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name First Name Salary --------------- --------------- ----------- Markis Marcia $25,000.00 Amin Hyder $25,000.00 Prescott Sherri $25,000.00 Bock Douglas $30,000.00 Joyner Suzanne $43,000.00 Zhu Waiman $43,000.00 6 rows selected.

12. Bordoloi and Bock Using IN Operator SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_city "City" emp_city "City" FROM employee WHERE emp_city IN ('Marina', 'Edwardsville', 'St. Louis') ORDER BY emp_city; Last Name First Name City --------------- --------------- ------------- Bordoloi Bijoy Edwardsville Prescott Sherri Edwardsville Joyner Suzanne Marina Amin Hyder Marina Zhu Waiman St. Louis Bock Douglas St. Louis

13. Bordoloi and Bock Using the NOT IN Operator NOT can precede IN to form negative.NOT can precede IN to form negative. To get the list of employees who did not earn the three salary figures listed aboveTo get the list of employees who did not earn the three salary figures listed above SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary "Salary" emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary NOT IN (43000, 30000, 25000) ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name First Name Salary --------------- --------------- ----------- Joshi Dinesh $38,000.00 Bordoloi Bijoy $55,000.00

14. Bordoloi and Bock RANGES (BETWEEN AND NOT BETWEEN) Oracle provides two operators, BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN that can simply the range of values in a query.Oracle provides two operators, BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN that can simply the range of values in a query. This eliminates the need to use a more complex WHERE clause involving the use of the AND logical operator.This eliminates the need to use a more complex WHERE clause involving the use of the AND logical operator.

15. Bordoloi and Bock Using the BETWEEN Operator The following query uses the AND logical operator.The following query uses the AND logical operator. SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary "Salary" emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary >= 25000 AND emp_salary = 25000 AND emp_salary <= 40000 ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name First Name Salary -------------- --------------- ----------- Markis Marcia $25,000.00 Amin Hyder $25,000.00 Prescott Sherri $25,000.00 Bock Douglas $30,000.00 Joshi Dinesh $38,000.00

16. Bordoloi and Bock Using the BETWEEN Operator The query can be rewritten using the BETWEEN operator.The query can be rewritten using the BETWEEN operator. SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary "Salary" emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary BETWEEN 25000 AND 40000 ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name First Name Salary --------------- --------------- ----------- Markis Marcia $25,000.00 Amin Hyder $25,000.00 Prescott Sherri $25,000.00 Bock Douglas $30,000.00 Joshi Dinesh $38,000.00

17. Bordoloi and Bock Using the NOT BETWEEN Operator SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_salary "Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary NOT BETWEEN 28000 AND 50000 ORDER BY emp_salary; Last Name Salary --------------- ----------- Markis $25,000.00 Amin $25,000.00 Prescott $25,000.00 Bordoloi $55,000.00

18. Bordoloi and Bock LIKE AND NOT LIKE The LIKE and NOT LIKE operators can be used to search for data rows containing incomplete or partial character strings within a data column.The LIKE and NOT LIKE operators can be used to search for data rows containing incomplete or partial character strings within a data column. The next query searches the employee table for employee names that begin with the characters 'Bo'.The next query searches the employee table for employee names that begin with the characters 'Bo'. The search is case-sensitive meaning that 'Bo' is not equivalent to 'BO'.The search is case-sensitive meaning that 'Bo' is not equivalent to 'BO'.

19. Bordoloi and Bock LIKE AND NOT LIKE SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name" FROM employee WHERE emp_last_name LIKE 'Bo%'; Last Name First Name ------------- ------------- Bordoloi Bijoy Bock Douglas

20. Bordoloi and Bock LIKE AND NOT LIKE Wild cardMeaning % (percent)any string of zero or more characters _ (underscore)any single character [ ] (brackets)any single character within a specified range such as 'a' to 'd', inclusive [a-d] or a set of characters such as [aeiouy] [^] (not brackets)any single character not in the specified range or set. (e.g., [^a-f] ) Oracle supports only the first two, SQL-Server supports all four. SQL Server and Sybase supports all four.

21. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES LIKE '%inger' will search for every name that ends with 'inger' (Ringer, Stringer).LIKE '%inger' will search for every name that ends with 'inger' (Ringer, Stringer). LIKE '%en%' will search for every name that has the letters 'en' in the name (Bennet, Green, McBadden).LIKE '%en%' will search for every name that has the letters 'en' in the name (Bennet, Green, McBadden). LIKE '_heryl' will search for every six-letter name ending with 'heryl' (Cheryl). Notice how this is different than '%heryl' which would return names that are six characters or more.LIKE '_heryl' will search for every six-letter name ending with 'heryl' (Cheryl). Notice how this is different than '%heryl' which would return names that are six characters or more.

22. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES LIKE '[CK]ars[eo]n' will search for every six-letter name that begins with a 'C' or 'K' and has the letter 'e' or 'o' between 'ars' and 'n' (e.g., 'Carsen,' 'Karsen,' 'Carson,' and 'Karson'.LIKE '[CK]ars[eo]n' will search for every six-letter name that begins with a 'C' or 'K' and has the letter 'e' or 'o' between 'ars' and 'n' (e.g., 'Carsen,' 'Karsen,' 'Carson,' and 'Karson'. LIKE '[M-Z]inger' will search for all the names ending with 'inger' that begin with any single letter 'M' thru 'Z' (Ringer).LIKE '[M-Z]inger' will search for all the names ending with 'inger' that begin with any single letter 'M' thru 'Z' (Ringer). LIKE 'M[^c]%' will search for all the names that begin with 'M' not having 'c' as the second letter.LIKE 'M[^c]%' will search for all the names that begin with 'M' not having 'c' as the second letter.

23. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES The SELECT statement shown below generates a result table that includes all DISTINCT rows where the employee social security number in the assignment table ends with the numbers 555.The SELECT statement shown below generates a result table that includes all DISTINCT rows where the employee social security number in the assignment table ends with the numbers 555. SELECT DISTINCT work_emp_ssn "Emp SSN" FROM assignment WHERE work_emp_ssn LIKE '%555'; Emp SSN ------------999555555

24. Bordoloi and Bock UNKNOWN VALUES (IS NULL AND IS NOT NULL) NULL value is not synonymous with "zero" (numerical values) or "blank" (character values).NULL value is not synonymous with "zero" (numerical values) or "blank" (character values). NULL values allow users to distinguish between a deliberate entry of zero/blank and a non-entry of data.NULL values allow users to distinguish between a deliberate entry of zero/blank and a non-entry of data. SELECT * FROM assignment WHERE work_hours IS NULL; WORK_EMP_ WORK_PRO_NUMBER WORK_HOURS --------- --------------- ---------- 999444444 1 999666666 20

25. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES SELECT * FROM assignment WHERE work_hours = 0; no rows selected The query did not return a result table because none of the rows in the assignment table have a zero value for work_hours. Thus, you can see that zero (0) is a value, not an "unknown value."The query did not return a result table because none of the rows in the assignment table have a zero value for work_hours. Thus, you can see that zero (0) is a value, not an "unknown value."

26. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES The NOT NULL condition can also be tested.The NOT NULL condition can also be tested. SELECT * FROM assignment WHERE work_hours IS NOT NULL; 15 rows selected. The result table contains all the rows where work_hours column contains a value.The result table contains all the rows where work_hours column contains a value.

27. Bordoloi and Bock EXPRESSIONS IN SELECT CLAUSES An expression is formed by combining a column name or constant with an arithmetic operator.An expression is formed by combining a column name or constant with an arithmetic operator. The arithmetic operators used in SQL areThe arithmetic operators used in SQL are SYMBOLOPERATIONORDER *Multiplication1 /Division1 %Modulo1 +Addition2 -Subtraction2

28. Bordoloi and Bock MORE EXAMPLES SELECT emp_last_name "Last Name", emp_first_name "First Name", emp_salary/12 "Monthly Salary" emp_salary/12 "Monthly Salary" FROM employee WHERE emp_salary/12 > 3500 ORDER BY emp_last_name; Last Name First Name Monthly Salary --------------- --------------- -------------- Bordoloi Bijoy $4,583.33 Joyner Suzanne $3,583.33 Zhu Waiman $3,583.33 Zhu Waiman $3,583.33

29. Bordoloi and Bock EXPRESSIONS When expression is used in select with a column name it has no effect on the table’s underlying values.When expression is used in select with a column name it has no effect on the table’s underlying values. The data contained in each column must be defined as int, smallint, tinyint, float, money, and smallmoney.The data contained in each column must be defined as int, smallint, tinyint, float, money, and smallmoney. The result of an arithmetic operation on NULL is NULL.The result of an arithmetic operation on NULL is NULL.

30. Bordoloi and Bock Examples of Operations on Nulls Table: Compensation EMP#JOBCODESALARY COMMISSION E10 SALES 12500 32090 E11 NULL 25000 8000 E12 SALES 44000 0 E13 SALES 44000 NULL E14 PROG 19500 NULL E15 CLERK NULL NULL

31. Bordoloi and Bock Examples of Operations on Nulls List the employees whose total earnings exceed $30000.00. SELECTEMP# FROMCOMPENSATION WHEREJOBCODE = “SALES” AND (SALARY + COMMISSION) > 30000 EMP#E10E12 E13 is missing because?