1. Era of Reforms America’s Early 19 th Century Culture Unit IVC AP United States History

2. The Second Great Awakening ► Religious revivalist reaction to Enlightenment principles and conservative Puritan ideals beginning in 1790s and into early 19 th century ► Educated ministers promote salvation for all and life void of vices ► Revivals meetings  New York’s Burned-Over District ► Protestant domination by Baptists and Methodists ► Millennialism and Seventh-Day Adventist Church ► Inspired social reform movements  Temperance

3. Mormons and Church of the Latter- Day Saints ► Joseph Smith, founder in 1830, gathered flock from New York to Illinois ► Brigham Young led Mormons west and eventually settled in Utah Territory ► Book of Mormon aka Scripture ► Open canon, exaltation, polygamy lead to harassment

4. Communal Societies  Expansion provided opportunities for development of utopias  Fourier Phalanxes ► Tight-knit community based in a phalanx-type structure  Brook Farm ► Share equally in labor and leisure  Robert Owen’s New Harmony ► Equality in labor  Shakers ► Founded by Jane Wardley and Mother Ann Lee as millenial society ► common ownership, shared rewards, strict celibacy, against vices, “separate but equal”  Oneida Community ► Founded by John Humphrey Noyes ► “perfectionists,” married to all, children raised communally

5. Reform Movements ► Temperance  Reform movement which gathered political support against society’s vices (alcoholism, gambling, prostitution)  American Temperance Society (1826) ► Founded by Lyman Beecher ► Abstinence from liquor  Washingtonians (1840) ► Founded by alcoholics who focused on individuals ► Rehabilitation and Institutions  Dorothea Dix and asylums/mental institutions  Educational and rehabilitation for handicapped  Prisons and penal societies ► Improve conditions ► Provide rehabilitation and work programs ► Education  Support for public education ► Larger working and middles class needs to be informed and trained  Horace Mann ► State board of education in Massachusetts ► Free public education with trained teachers ► Teach democracy and social values  Private and religious schools incorporate morality in literacy  Noah Webster ► Standardized American English with dictionary (1828)

6. Health, Literacy, Entertainment in America ► Home Design and Furnishing  Visual representation of social classes ► Diseases  Cholera in 1830s ► Newspapers  Penny press  Associated Press (AP) (1846) ► Fiction ► Lectures ► Theaters  Performing arts increases with urbanization  Minstrel shows – blackface

7. Transcendentalism ► Spiritual gain over materialism ► Individual over the organization/group ► Ralph Waldo Emerson  Self-Reliance (1841) ► “Nothing is at last sacred, but the integrity of your own mind.” ► Communion with the unity of the universe; divinity of the individual  The American Scholar (1837) ► Despite cultural heritage, instinctive creative genius of individual could lead to greatness ► Henry David Thoreau (Walden, On Civil Disobedience)  “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.”  Passive resistance – a public refusal to obey unjust laws

8. America’s Culture Changes ► Romanticism  Beyond reason, seek understanding and expression of emotion and spirit  Associated with growth of nationalism ► Paintings  Portraits of ordinary American life  American landscapes  Hudson River School ► Discovery, exploration, settlement themes ► Human co-existence with nature; nature the manifestation of God ► Architecture  Classical-style construction ► Literature  Transition from European/British style to more American style  Reflects Romanticism with emotional and natural themes  Washington Irving: Rip van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow  James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans, Deerslayer  Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables  Herman Melville: Moby-Dick  Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Tell-Tale Heart, The Cask of Amontillado  Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass  Emily Dickinson: Poems

9. Hudson River School – Thomas Cole

10. American Architecture Parthenon - Athens Pantheon - Rome U.S. Capitol - c. 1820 New York Customs House - 1842

11. Themes in American Literature ► The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper  tragedy of encroachment of European/American civilization on Natives  Use of nature as a form of developing characters  Spirituality ► The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne  Satire on America’s puritanical lifestyle and conformity  Sin more as an opportunity for growth rather than a hindrance  Strength of the individual over the community ► Moby-Dick by Herman Melville  No matter how much knowledge acquired, no way to fully understand the force of nature  Captain Ahab views Moby-Dick as embodiment of evil and his vengeance leads to his destruction ► Edgar Allen Poe  Fear is the strongest emotion  Frowned upon optimism