1. Ferment of Reform,

2. Second Great Awakening

3. Second Great Awakening
Early 19th Century religious revivals
Calvinist reaction against rationalism
1795, Reverend Timothy Dwight, president Yale College began a series of campus revivals
1832, Presbyterian minister Charles Finney, upstate New York
More radical form of revivalism
Appealed to people’s emotions & fear
All were free to be saved through faith & hard work
Western New York “burned-over district” from “fire-and-brimstone” revivals

4. Second Great Awakening
South
Itinerant Baptist & Methodist preachers like Peter Cartwright
1850, Baptists & Methodists largest protestant denominations
Millennialism
Widespread belief that world was about to end
William Miller
Predicted world’s end on October 21, 1844
Millerites would become Seventh-Day Adventists

5. Mormons Founded by Joseph Smith, 1830, in NY Based on Book of Mormon
Connected Indians to lost tribes of Israel
Gained followers moved from NY to OH, MO, & IL where Smith was murdered
Brigham Young moved Mormons to Utah
Belief in polygamy set U.S. government against them

6. The Transcendentalists
Questioned the doctrines of established churches & capitalistic habits of merchant class
Argued for a mystical & intuitive way of thinking to discover one’s inner self
Looked for the essence of God in nature
Challenged materialism; artistic expression more important than pursuit of wealth
Highly individualistic; viewed organized institutions as unimportant
Supported a variety of reforms; especially antislavery

7. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Popular lecturer
Wrote essays & poems
Urged Americans not to imitate European culture, but to create an American culture
His essays & poems argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, & the primacy of spiritual manners over material ones
Leading critic of slavery & Union supporter during the Civil War

8. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
Conducted 2-year experiment of living in woods alone to discover essential truths about life
Walden (1854)
Advocated non-violent protest in essay “On Civil Disobedience”
Sent to jail for refusing to pay a tax that might be used to fight an “immoral” war—the Mexican War ( )

9. Brook Farm 1841, George Ripley, protestant minister
Communal experiment on Brook Farm
To achieve “a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor.”
Some leading intellectuals lived there
Emerson, feminist Margaret Fuller, & Nathaniel Hawthorne
Ended in 1849 after a bad fire & due to heavy debts

10. Communal Experiments Shakers New Harmony, Indiana
6000 members by 1840s
Held property in common
Men & women kept separate; marriage & sex forbidden
Died out by mid-1900s due to lack of members
New Harmony, Indiana
Founded by industrialist & reformer Robert Owen
Hoped to solve inequity & alienation caused by Industrial Revolution
Failed because of financial problems & disagreements

11. Communal Experiments Oneida, New York Fourier Phalanxes, 1840s
1848 by John Humphrey Noyes
Members shared property & marriage partners
Critics attacked as sinful experiment in “free love”
Community prospered economically by producing high-quality silverware
Fourier Phalanxes, 1840s
French socialist Charles Fourier advocated sharing work & living arrangements called Fourier Phalanxes
Movement died out quickly

12. Arts & Literature Painting Architecture
Genre painting—portraying the everyday life of ordinary people
George Caleb Bingham, William S. Mount
Thomas Cole, Frederick Church
Hudson River School
Expressed romantic age’s fascination with the natural world
Architecture
American architects adapted classical Greek styles to glorify the democratic spirit

13. Arts & Literature Literature
After War of 1812 American authors with American themes
Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Nathanial Hawthorne, Herman Melville

14. Reforming Society

15. Temperance
1820 rate of alcohol consumption 5 gallons liquor/per person
1826 American Temperance Society founded
Used moral arguments to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence
1840 Washingtonians, recovering alcoholics
Argued alcoholism a disease that needed treatment
1840s over a million members of temperance societies
German & Irish immigrants opposed but lacked political power
1851 Maine first of 13 states to prohibit liquor before Civil War
Lost steam prior to and during Civil War
Gained again in 1870s—Women’s Christian Temperance Union
18th Amendment in 1919

16. Reforms for the disabled & prisoners
Dorothea Dix horrified that mentally ill were in prison with criminals
Dedicated her life to improving life for mentally ill
1840s she convinced many state legislatures to build mental hospitals
Thomas Gallaudet founded school for the deaf
Dr. Gridley Howe school for the blind
Penitentiaries replaced prisons experimented with solitary confinement, structure, & discipline

17. Public Education Horace Mann leader of the public school movement (MA)
Advocated improving schools, compulsory attendance, longer school year, & better teacher preparation
1840s movement for tax-supported schools spread to other states
William Holmes McGuffey
McGuffey Readers textbooks that taught reading along with moral instruction
Extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality, & sobriety
Catholics started private schools in response to the Protestant tone of public schools

18. Public Education
1830s Protestant denominations founded several new colleges
Some colleges began accepting women

19. Changing American Family

20. Changing American Family
Cities & industrialization changed roles of men & women
Men worked; women stayed home
Birthrate fell; size of families diminished
Cult of domesticity
Idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home & teacher of children

21. Women’s rights movement
Women involved in anti-slavery movement discriminated against by men in the movement
Sarah & Angelina Grimke objected
Angelina wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837)
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention, NY (1848)
1st women’s rights convention in U.S.
“Declaration of Sentiments”
All men & women created equal
Listed women’s grievances

22. Women’s rights movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
Leaders after Seneca Falls
Equal voting, legal & property rights for women
1850s—Civil War women’s movement overshadowed by slavery

23. Antislavery Movement

24. American Colonization Society, 1817
Free slaves & transport them to Africa
Appealed to moderate antislavery reformers & politicians
Large number of whites wanted to remove blacks from U.S. society
1822 established Monrovia, Liberia
,000 blacks moved to Africa while # of slaves grew from 1.5 to 4 million

25. American Antislavery Society
William Lloyd Garrison
1831 The Liberator
Beginning of the radical abolitionist movement
Called for the immediate abolition of slavery
1833 Garrison & others founded American Antislavery Society
Garrison burned Constitution as a proslavery document

26. Liberty party
Garrison’s radicalism led to a split in the abolitionist movement
1840 Liberty party was formed for political action as opposed to a moral crusade
James Birney candidate for president, 1840 & 1844
One campaign pledge: to bring an end to slavery by political & legal means

27. Black Abolitionists
Escaped slaves & free blacks outspoken critics of slavery
Frederick Douglass
Harriet Tubman
David Ruggles
Sojourner Truth
William Still
Many organized effort to assist fugitive slaves
Underground Railroad