1. Psychology 4051 The Retina and LGN

2. Retino-Geniculate-Cortical Pathway

3. The Retina Located at the back of the posterior chamber, forms the inner tunic of the eye. Surface on which the visual image is focused

4. The Retina A laminar tissue with multiple layers. – Pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, optic nerve layer, internal limiting membrane. Transduction takes place in the photoreceptors. – Rods and cones

5. Light hits the outer segment of rods and cones which contain photosensitive chemicals (photopigments). Rod-rhodopsincones-iodopsin The light changes the molecular properties of the photopigments, which in turn changes the electrical state of these cells – this is called transduction.

6. The Retina Light The design of the retina is unusual. Light must pass through 8 layers Before it hits the Photoreceptors.

7. The Retina The retina contains a central pit, above which cell layers are pushed away. – The fovea: 1mm in diameter – Packed with cones

8. fovea Fovea At the center of the retina, high acuity Reduced light distortion

9. The Retina Rods and cones connect with horizontal and bipolar cells (collector cells). Lateral interaction takes place at horizontal cells. Bipolar cells are connected to retinal ganglion cells. Amacrine cells connect adjacent bipolar cells.

10. Rods 120 million rods in the human retina Concentrated in the periphery of the retina

11. Extremely sensitive to light. Many rods converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) Rods

12. Rods – good light sensitivity As a result, low levels of light can be detected – Responsible for night vision But, spatial resolution is very poor – RGCs can not determine which rods were stimulated

13. Cones Approximately 6 million cones Cones are packed densely in the fovea

14. Cones Cones are connected to bipolar cells, then to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) Few cones converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) – As a result, resolution is excellent

15. Cones Light sensitivity is poor – Day vision

16. Cones Humans have 3 different cone types, each with a different photopigment. Photopigments are maximally sensitive to specific wavelengths. – Short wavelength sensitive – Mid-wavelength sensitive – Long wavelength sensitive

17. Retinal Ganglion Cells Retinal ganglion cells possess receptive fields that are responsive to light stimulation. Receptive field – that area of the retina over which a ganglion cell is sensitive to light stimulation (area of the retina that the RGC monitors).

18. Receptive Fields Their receptive fields are designed in an antagonistic fashion A single receptive field has an on-center/off- surround arrangement or an off-center/on- surround arrangement.

19. “On-Center” Cells On-center cell: Light stimulation of the center of the receptive field produces depolarization and an increase in the firing rate of the ganglion cell.depolarization Stimulation of the surround produces a hyperpolarization and a decrease in the firing rate of the cell. hyperpolarization + -

20. “Off-Center” Cells Off-center cell: Light stimulation of the surround of the receptive field produces depolarization and an increase in the firing rate of the ganglion cell.depolarization Stimulation of the center produces a hyperpolarization and a decrease in the firing rate of the cell. hyperpolarization - +

21. Retinal Ganglion Cells The axons of the RGCs converge and leave the eye through as the optic nerve. They connect to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).

23. Retinal Ganglion Cells Most RGCs fall into two functional classes, M and P cells M cells – project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) P cells – project to the parvocellular layers of the LGN

24. M Cells M cells receive input from a relatively large number of photoreceptors (mostly input from rods) Good light sensitivity, good temporal resolution (sensitive to motion) Poor spatial resolution Large – with broad axons and consequently faster nerve conduction velocities Not color-sensitive

25. P Cells P cells receive input from a relatively small number of photoreceptors (mostly input from cones) Good spatial resolution Poor temporal resolution Colour sensitivity

26. LGN A six-layered thalamic relay station

27. LGN Cells in the magnocellular layer have large cell bodies and long, straight axons. Cells in the parvocellular layer possess smaller cell bodies and short, curved axons. Layers 1, 4, and 6 receive input from the contralateral eye. Layers 2, 3, and 5 receive input from the ipsilateral eye.

29. LGN Most parvocellular cells appear to be responsive to color and have center/surround receptive fields.