1. 9.5: Sensory Information (Vision) Pages 438 - 444

2. Recap Anatomy of the nerve cell Electrochemical Impulse Synaptic Transmission CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord structure and function) Autonomic Nervous System ▫Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Natural/Artificial Pain Killers

3. Sense and Perception All sensory responses convert one source of energy into another Taste and Smell: chemical stimuli are converted to nerve action potentials Touch: mechanical stimuli are converted to nerve action potentials

4. Sense and Perception Vision: light stimuli are converted to nerve action potentials Balance: mechanical energy and gravitational energy converted to nerve action potentials

5. Sensory receptors: modified ends of sensory neurons that are activated by specific stimuli

6. Much of the environment remains undetected What we detect is what is relevant to our survival For example: ▫Electromagnetic Spectrum ▫Sound Frequency

8. Sensory Adaptation Occurs once the receptor becomes accustomed to the stimulus The neuron ceases to fire even though stimulus is still present This adaptation indicates that the new environmental condition is not dangerous

9. Example of Sensory Adaptations Clothes Touch receptors in the skin are usually stimulated when you put on or take off clothes Sensory information is not continually sent while your clothes are on Hot-tubbing Hot at first Tolerated if thermoreceptors in your skin are given time to adjust to the stimulus

10. The Structure of the Eye Made of three separate layers – the sclera, the choroid, and the retina Sclera is the outermost layer – protective, and maintains eye shape The front of the sclera is clear and bulges forward, forming the cornea – the “eye window” that bends light toward the pupil

11. The Structure of the Eye Cornea (outer layer) Requires oxygen and nutrients, but cannot get these from blood since capillaries would prevent it from being transparent Receives O 2  in a dissolved form from tears Receives nutrients  the aqueous humor, a transparent fluid

12. Bending Light http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/eye.swf

13. The Structure of the Eye (middle layer) Choroid Layer Pigmented granules prevent light from scattering Iris Regulates amount of light entering the eye Pupil The opening in the iris that allows light into the eye

15. The Structure of the Eye (middle layer) Vitreous Humour Maintains the shape of the eyeball and permits light transmission to the retina Lens Forces image on retina

17. The Retinal Layer (innermost layer) The retinal layer is made of three layers of cells: 1.Light-sensitive cells ▫Rod cells ▫Cone cells 2.Bipolar cells 3.Cells from the optic nerve

18. Rods vs. Cones Rods Photoreceptors that operate in dim light to detect black and white Cones Photoreceptors that operate in bright light to identify colour

19. Protanomaly or “Red Weakness”

21. Blind Spot No rods or cones in the area in which the optic nerve comes in contact with the retina Because of the absence of photoreceptive cells, this area is called your blind spot

22. Figure 3. page. 440 shows how the nerve carries the impulse to the central nervous system (occipital lobe)

23. Pathway: From Retina to Brain Once excited, the nerve message is passed from rods and cones to bipolar cells Biopolar cells relay message to the optic nerve Optic nerve carries message to CNS

24. How Vision Works Video