1. ELE 488 Fall 2006 Image Processing and Transmission Syllabus 1. Human Visual System 2. Image Representations (gray level, color) 3. Simple Processing: point operations and filtering 4. Still Image Coding 5. Resampling, Resizing, Interpolation, and Registration 6. Probability Models, Quantization, Estimating Densities 7. Synthesizing Pixels, Segmentation 8. Radon Transform, Other imaging modes 9. Video, Video Compression 10. Selected Topics: watermarking, feature description, face recognition,... 9/19/06

2. What is an Image? What we perceive as an image is a pattern of light intensity over an image plane. It can be described by a real valued function J(x,y) of two spatial coordinates on an image plane. J(x,y) is the intensity of the image at the point (x,y). For image processing purposes, the image is usually defined on a bounded rectangle only. x y Analog image – (x,y) can take on any value in the image plane. Digital Image – (x,y) takes on discrete values. Grayscale image – the image values J(x,y) are scalars, e.g. real numbers. Color image – J(x,y) is a vector From 9/14 From Min Wu @ U Md

3. Light – electromagnetic wave Visible Light - wavelength between 350nm and 780nm wavelength

4. Few objects are of a single color A color is not necessarily of a single wavelength Energy distribution of light From Kodek

5. Human Vision System Visible spectrum brightness color limit of vision seeing imperfections sensitivity: ~ 3photons range : 10 order of magnitude (range of hearing: 7 order)

6. dot What We Can See Visual angle matters more than absolute distance –Smaller but closer object vs larger but farther object –Can distinguish ~ 25-30 lines per degree in bright illumination 25 lines per degree translate to 500 lines if distance=4*screenheight Spatial Frequency –Periodic light intensity variation in space variable –Unit: cycles per degree UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

7. What We Can See Variables: frequency, contrast From Netravali-Haskall Ch 4

8. What We Can See From Netravali-Haskall Ch 4

9. Human Eye LIGHT Cone Rod How Do We See – Color and Acuity Two types of receptors ~200 million Rods – brightness ~ 10 million Cones – color B <10%, G ~30%, R ~60% only 1 million ganglion cells to carry information to the brain Neural Structure of Retina COMPRESSION

10. Two Types of Photoreceptors at Retina ~ 200 million rods - sensitive to brightness ~ 7 million cones - sensitive to color (red, green, blue)

11. Relative Sensitivity Wavelength [nm] 400500600700 0 0.5 1.5 1.0 Spectral Response of R, G, B Cones

12. Two Types of Photoreceptors at Retina Rods –Large quantity (~ 100 million) –Provide scotopic vision (i.e., dim light vision or at low illumination) –Only extract luminance information and provide a general overall picture Cones –Densely packed in fovea (center of retina) –Much fewer (~ 6.5 million) and less sensitive to light than rods –Provide photopic vision (i.e., bright light vision or at high illumination) –Help resolve fine details as each cone is connected to its own nerve end –Responsible for color vision Mesopic vision –provided at intermediate illumination by both rod and cones UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2001/2004)

13. Brightness Discrimination I = luminance (light intensity) of screen Δ Ic = increment illumination discriminable 50% of time Weber’s Law: Δ Ic / I = constant ≈ 0.02

14. Brightness and Intensity Visible Light - –electromagnetic wave –wavelength between 350nm and 780nm Expressed as spectral energy distribution I ( ) The range of light intensity levels that human visual system can adapt is huge: ~ on 10 orders of magnitude (10 10 ) but not simultaneously Brightness adaptation: small intensity range to discriminate simultaneously UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2004) From Gonzalez-Woods Ch 2

15. Luminance vs. Brightness Luminance (or intensity) –Independent of the luminance of surroundings I(x,y, ) -- spatial light distribution V( ) -- relative luminous efficiency func. of visual system ~ bell shape (different for scotopic and photopic vision) Brightness –Perceived luminance –Depends on surrounding luminance Same lum. Different brightness Different lum. Similar brightness UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2001/2004)

16. Mach Bands Visual system tends to undershoot or overshoot around the boundary of regions of different intensities  Demonstrates the perceived brightness is not a simple function of light intensity Figure is from slides at Gonzalez/ Woods DIP book website (Chapter 2) UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2004) From Gonzalez-Woods Ch 2

17. Digital Image Acquisition From Gonzalez-Woods Ch 2

18. Scanning, Sampling and Quantization From Gonzalez-Woods Ch 2

19. Analog and Digital Images From Gonzalez-Woods Ch 2

20. Color of Light Perceived color depends on spectral content –e.g., 700nm ~ red. A color is not necessarily of a single wavelength A color is defined by its spectral distribution C( ) “spectral color” – a light with very narrow bandwidth A light with equal energy in all visible bands appears white “Spectrum” from http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/color.html UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

21. Perceptual Attributes of Color Brightness – perceived luminance Chrominance –Hue specifies color tone (redness, greenness, etc.) depends on peak wavelength –Saturation describes how pure the color is depends on spread (bandwidth) of light spectrum reflects how much white light is added RGB  HSV Conversion ~ nonlinear http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/images/color10.shtml UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

22. RGB Primaries and Color Representation –Use red, green, blue light to represent visible colors –The contribution from each primary is normalized to [0, 1] left figure from B.Liu lecture notes @ Princeton, right figure from slides at Gonzalez/ Woods DIP book website UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

23. Seeing Yellow without Yellow mix green light and red light to obtain perception of yellow, without shining yellow light 520nm630nm 570nm =

24. Absorption of Light by R/G/B Cones Figure is from slides at Gonzalez/ Woods DIP book website (Chapter 6) UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2004)

25. Representation by Three Primary Colors Any color can be reproduced by mixing an appropriate set of three primary colors (Thomas Young, 1802) A color is defined by its spectral distribution C( ) Three types of cones –Response S i ( ) has peaks around 450nm (blue), 550nm (green), 620nm (yellow-orange) –Color sensation depends on the spectral response {  1 (C),  2 (C),  3 (C) } rather than the complete light spectrum C( )  S 1 ( ) C( ) d  S 2 ( ) C( ) d  S 3 ( ) C( ) d C( ) color light 1(C)1(C) 2(C)2(C) 3(C)3(C) Identically perceived colors if  i (C 1 ) =  i (C 2 ) UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2001/2004) From M Wu @ U Md

26. Example: Seeing Yellow Without Yellow mix green and red light to obtain perception of yellow, without shining a single yellow photon 520nm630nm 570nm = UMCP ENEE408G/631 Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002/2004) “Seeing Yellow” figure from B.Liu lecture notes @ Princeton; R/G/B cone response from slides at Gonzalez/ Woods DIP book website

27. Color Matching and Reproduction Given three ‘primary’ colors with P k ( ), k=1,2,3 Mixture of three primaries: C = Sum(  k P k ( ) ) To match a given color C 1 –adjust  k such that  i (C 1 ) =  i (C), i = 1,2,3. Tristimulus values: T k (C) –T k (C) =  k / w k w k – the amount of k th primary to match the reference white Chromaticity: t k = T k / (T 1 +T 2 +T 3 ) –t 1 +t 2 +t 3 = 1 –visualize (t 1, t 2 ) to obtain chromaticity diagram UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2001)

28. Other Color Coordinates CIE XYZ system x = X / (X + Y + Z), y = Y / (X + Y + Z), z = Z / (X + Y + Z), x + y + z = 1 Color gamut of 3 primaries –Colors on line C1 and C2 can be produced by linear mixture of the two –Colors inside the triangle gamut can be reproduced by three primaries http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/t_chroma.html UMCP ENEE631/408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2001/2002)

29. Color Coordinates RGB of CIE XYZ of CIE RGB of NTSC YIQ of NTSC YUV (YCbCr) CMY UMCP ENEE631 Slides (created by M.Wu © 2001)

30. Color Coordinate for Printing Primary colors for pigment –Defined as one that subtracts/absorbs a primary color of light & reflects the other two CMY – Cyan, Magenta, Yellow –Complementary to RGB –Proper mix of them produces black UMCP ENEE408G/631 Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002/2004) Gonzalez – Woods Fig 6.4

31. Color Components HSV YUV RGB UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002) From M Wu @ U Md

32. Read: Gonzalez-Woods –Chapter 2 –Sections 6.1 and 6.2 Watch for assignments on Blackboard