1. European Colonization in North America

2. Southern English Colonies Jamestown, Virginia, colony was 1 st successful English colony Southern colonies were founded for economic profit (plantations) Tobacco, rice, indigo At first, indentured servants worked as labor –“Headright System” –7 years of labor to pay for passage to America Later, Black African slaves were purchased for labor instead –First justified by economic profits –Later accepted due to racism

3. Northern English Colonies Boston became the colony of English Puritans “Pilgrims” sailed in 1620, “Puritans” followed after 1630 –Puritans broke from Catholic church to emphasize Bible-focused, less ceremonial form of Christianity –Puritans were persecuted in England as radical non- conformists and heretics –“Mayflower Compact” on arrival: first agreement for self-government in America Signing of the Mayflower Compact

4. Religious Tolerance Puritans, Catholics, Quakers, and Jews fled Europe to find religious freedom in America –Puritans: Massachusetts –Catholics: Maryland –Quakers: Pennsylvania –Jews: New York, Rhode Island Individuals fled Boston to form new colonies for religious freedom –Roger Williams believed in a person’s freedom to choose a religion; he founded Rhode Island in 1635 –Anne Hutchinson believed women and individuals could find God through their own efforts (without needing a minister), and was expelled from Boston (went to Rhode Island too) Anne Hutchinson

5. Political Liberty English colonists brought a tradition of English rights –Magna Carta granted basic rights to English “freemen” –English Parliament was model for colonial legislatures –1688: English “Bill of Rights” limited the power of the monarch Virginia colony was ruled by “House of Burgesses” who shared power with governor Most colonies evolved to have both a legislature and a governor Often only wealthy landowners could vote for legislature Speaking in the House of Burgesses

6. Freedom of Expression 1735: The Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger arrested in New York for printing “seditious” statements about the governor Judge tried to prevent Zenger’s lawyer from speaking, to ensure a guilty verdict, but failed Zenger’s lawyer asked the jury to consider whether the statements were true Jury found Zenger not guilty Verdict promoted the idea that the press should have the freedom to print the truth The Zenger Trial

7. Native Americans Denied Ideals Throughout colonies, Native Americans lost their native lands, way of life, identities New England –1616-18: 90% of coastal Indians killed by disease –Remaining coastal Indians moved to “praying towns” to become Christian Southern Colonies –1680: Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia saw Anglo landowners massacre Indians on border

8. Intolerance: Salem Witchcraft Trials Witchcraft accusations and persecution were common in Europe during 1500 and 1600s 1692-3: 150 persons arrested and imprisoned; 20 executed Young girls fell into strange fits, complained of pains, and then accused women Reasons remain unclear: –victims were primarily women –Land disputes may have caused accusations 1693: colony legislature outlawed use of “spectral evidence” and trials ceased, for fear of convicting an innocent person Examination of a Witch, Matterson, 1853

9. 1740s: Great Awakening Deep longing for sense of salvation and security in an insecure and dangerous world Reaction against cold logic of Enlightenment Predominantly oral: sermons, revivals Jonathan Edwards: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Stressed personal salvation of God’s word, coupled with vivid fear of hell