1. Carboeurope Update of synthesis of continental carbon fluxes Dourdan carboocean 2008 meeting

3. Carboeurope synthesis top-down / bottom up River fluxes of C of atm origin not counted (NBP or old pools ?) Coastal seas (Ciais et al. 2008 after Borges et al. 68 TgC sink for European coastal seas)

4. Ocean - land Northern hemisphere budget 70% of the land sink is in the Northern Hemisphere More than 70% of the northern land C sink is in forest Now we have too much land NH uptake We need ocean regional C budgets ! Stephens et al. new inversions 1.5 ± 0.6 total NH sink Total NH land 2 Pg C y-1

5. ICOS Integrated Carbon Observing System Dourdan carboocean 2008 meeting

6. Objectives of ICOS Establish an integrated long-term research infrastructure to understand the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases Determine regional fluxes from observations and attribute them to processes (≈10 km each day) To enable early detection of surprises Provide regional budget information for policy support Provide access and services for data and flux products Objectives

7. Atmospheric, Ocean and Ecosystem Observations constrain regional fluxes Atmospheric Concentration Network Surface Flux data Carbon pools inventories Operational information system Regional fluxes

8. Long-term observations open new ways to understand the changing carbon cycle Science, 2003 Nature, 2005 Nature, 2000 Science, 2000

9. Example, the 2003 heatwave impact on Europe‘s carbon balance The knowledge challenge A loss of carbon equivalent to six months of fossil fuel consumption [Ciais et al. Nature, 2005]

10. Long-term observations help reduce uncertainties of climate-carbon future projections Same economic emission scenario [IPCC report, 2007] Carbon cycle uncertainties Climate uncertainties

11. Implementation

12. Construction 2010-2012 R&D, design studies 2001-2008 Operational phase > 2012 Carboeurope-IP Other research projects National networks Month 30 : Demonstration with few sites Month 24: Select atmospheric and ecosystem sensors Month 36 : Draft of legal status & governance Month 48: Final network assessment stations Implementation Plan Month 24 Decision on locations of: Central facilities Month 36: Expenditure and ressource plan Month 12 : User survey and requirement, data providers, data handling strategy Preparation 2008-2011 Implementation

13. Previous steps ESFRI European Roadmap (2006) Preparatory Phase program (2008-2011) –Atmospheric station prototype –Ecosystem station protoytype –Network design –Central facilities design / prototypes –Demonstration experiment –Legal organization and governance –Countries engagement –Ocean component ?

14. Progress Active network of National Focal Points First Meeting with stakeholders (May, 2008) –Presentation of the project –National cost estimates –First version of network geometry Countries Engagement –Proposal submitted in NL –Early engagement in FR –Positive signs in other countries Network design –Concept of Level-1 and Level-2 sites established –First idea of network geometry Atmospheric instruments testing (Sep, 2008) Ecosystem parameters/sensors cost estimate (Apr, 2008) Legal organisation first steps (Sep, 2008) –Consultations have started –ERI model being analyzed

15. The ICOS elements Ecosystem Thematic Centre Coordination Office Carbon Portal ICOS Stakeholders ICOS Central facilities Quality control Training Sensors developt Atmospheric stations Calibration Sample analysis Greenhouse fluxes Assessments International programs IPCC, WMO, GEOSS Global Networks GEOSS Data from connex projects And international networks Ocean Thematic Centre Ocean ships and stations Ecosystem stations Central Analytical Laboratory Atmospheric Thematic Centre Ocean implementation plan being defined

16. Strategy into ICOS: Reduce the cost and increase the accuracy Harmonized protocols All air samples analyzed in same place 14C measurements Standard equipment Central data processing Carboocean and Carboeurope atmospheric network

17. The dense European network … … has high ‚biodiversity‘ Present status

18. The NOAA/CMDL US network Present status

19. Error reduction on June-to-August fluxes using atmospheric data Small network (FP-5) Larger network (FP-7)

20. The ICOS elements: ecosystems Ecosystem Thematic Centre Coordination Office Carbon Portal ICOS Stakeholders ICOS Central facilities Quality control Training Sensors developt Atmospheric stations Greenhouse fluxes Assessments International programs IPCC, WMO, GEOSS Global Networks GEOSS Data from connex projects And international networks Ocean Thematic Centre Ocean ships and stations Ecosystem stations Central Analytical Laboratory Atmospheric Thematic Centre

21. Building a European leadership in the global flux tower network Sites in regions of interest to Europe : Africa, Siberia Collaborations with other countries The US network AMERIFLUX is moving to operational infrastructure (NEON)

22. EcosystemsAtmosphere ICOS network 2015, the vision Ocean : observation plan A. Watson, 2008

23. Central analytical laboratories Central high-precision gas analysis laboratory reduces „bias“ Air samples analysis for the whole network Provides standards that are essential for abslute calibration of the network Radiocarbon central facility, provides high-precision atmospheric 14C analyses for the whole ICOS network Ring tests globally Elements

24. Thematic centers Coordination of data gathering activities Online data processing and QC Technical and logistical assistance to the network New sensors development and testing Atmosphere, land and ocean complementary thematic centers Mirror of GMES strategy

25. ICOS Data Centre (Carbon Portal) One-stop-shop for GHG data –User interface –Open access policy Ecosystem data –Near real time products –Multi-data visualization interface –Tools for cross sites analysis Atmospheric data –Near real time data products –Long term products –Quick look tools Ancillary data –Fossil fuel emission maps –Biomass and soil C inventories –Remote sensing –Process studies Flux products –Routine flux diagnostics –Trend analysis –Outreach and Policy information

26. www.icos-infrastructure.eu Example of flux products

27. www.icos-infrastructure.eu Example of flux products

28. ICOS Governance

29. Financial engineering Cost estimate = a 10th of a permil of the natural ‘subsidy’

30. The ICOS Ocean component Ocean implementation plan being defined Variables and precision requirements Instruments Groups that will be involved Data architecture and management Data center(s) Governance and funding

31. Expected uncertainty reduction provided by OCO for the estimation of CO 2 fluxes 1-sig(post)/sig(prior) Chevallier et al., 2007 Forthcoming satellite instruments NASA OCO

32. Satellite 0 - ~ 100km 10 1 0.01 0.1 Free Troposphere Stratosphere Boundary layer Tall tower (~500m) Aircraft (0-20km) Linking surface networks to upper air and space observations 100 altitude (km) Surface air sampling OCO GOSAT CO 2 column density from space & ground FTIR : GEOMON + IMECC