1. POPULATION
Chapter 2
H. J. deBlij

2. Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

3. Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

4. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

5. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

6. Population distribution
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live D
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

7. Population distribution
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live C A B
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

8. Major World Population Clusters
A. East Asia: ¼ of world population B. South Asia: Bound by the Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities D. North America: Megalopolis

9. Why Do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places?
Thomas Malthus
An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798)
Population growing exponentially
Food supplies growing linearly
What happened?
Expansion of food supply sources (globalization)
Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially)

10. Doubling Time
Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)
Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down)
Doubling time = 54 years
Doubling time = 45 years

11. Rate of Natural Increase
Difference between births and deaths
Does not include immigration and emigration

12. Rate of Natural Increase
Difference between births and deaths
Does not include immigration and emigration

13. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children per woman
TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

14. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children per woman
TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

15. Population Growth in India
Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India,
lower rates in southeastern India

16. Population in India 1950s: Population planning program
1960s: National population planning program
1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized
2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh
Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

17. The Demographic Transition
Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates
Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

18. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
World Birth Rates
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

19. Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
World Birth Rates
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

20. World Death (Mortality) Rates
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

21. World Death (Mortality) Rates
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

22. The Demographic Transition

23. Why Does Population Composition Matter?
Components of population composition
Gender distribution
Age distribution
Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

24. Population Pyramids for Poor Countries
High infant mortality
Short life expectancy
Rapid population growth

25. Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries
Low infant mortality
Long life expectancy, especially for females
Little or no growth, even natural decrease

26. World Infant Mortality
Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

27. World Infant Mortality
Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

28. Infant Mortality in the United States

29. World Life Expectancy
Number of years a person born now can expect to live

30. World Life Expectancy
Number of years a person born now can expect to live

31. Mother’s Index
Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children
Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

32. Mother’s Index
Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children
Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

33. Diseases Sources of diseases Spread of diseases
Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person
Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect
Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person
Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age
Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes
Spread of diseases
Endemic: Present in small area
Epidemic: Spreads over large region
Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

34. Causes of Death in the United States
Chronic diseases reflecting longer
life expectances
Decline in deaths
from infectious diseases

35. HIV/AIDS
Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then)
Infection long before symptoms appear
Social stigma
Many deaths among young adults
Effect of AIDS on population structure
of South Africa

36. AIDS Impact on Children
Drawing by a Pokot
boy in Kenya, showing
him working in the fields
and caring for cattle to assist sick family
members
Sparrow Rainbow Village, a
hospice for child AIDS patients
near Johannesburg, South
Africa

37. How Do Governments Affect Population Change?
Expansive population policies
Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China, Soviet Union)
Combating declining birth rates, aging populations (e.g., Europe)
Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany)
Restrictive population policies

38. The Case of China

39. The Case of China

40. The Case of China