1. Prep for Africa Test 1. Relative Location for the Nile River 2. Applying Population Density to Egypt 3. The Great Rift Valley 4. Impact of Transportation Barriers and Cataracts 5. Challenges for a developing Africa 6. All about Apartheid

2. Nile River: Relative Location Blue Nile- Begins in Ethiopia and flows northwest into the Sudan Blue Nile- Begins in Ethiopia and flows northwest into the Sudan White Nile- Begins from Lake Victoria and flows north through Uganda, meets the Blue Nile in the Sudan White Nile- Begins from Lake Victoria and flows north through Uganda, meets the Blue Nile in the Sudan Nile River continues from the meeting point of the Blue and While Nile, flows north through Egypt and empties into the Mediterranean Sea Nile River continues from the meeting point of the Blue and While Nile, flows north through Egypt and empties into the Mediterranean Sea

3. Egypt: Population Density Two Key Percents ** 96% of people live on 4% of the land (4%- Nile River Valley/Delta) Why? 1. Abundant resources (fertile soil and water) 2. Economic Opportunity- high level of industrialization (Cairo Egypt- 12 million people) 3. Suitable Climate- long growing season (other 96% of Egypt’s land is DESERT!!)

4. The Great Rift Valley Located in Eastern Africa Located in Eastern Africa

5. Formation: Great Rift Valley Formed by millions of years of Plate Tectonics moving AWAY from each other Formed by millions of years of Plate Tectonics moving AWAY from each other If this continues… 1. Eastern Africa will split apart (like Madagascar) ** this will take millions of years

6. Transportation Barriers and Cataracts Transportation Barriers- any sudden change in elevation or physical feature that makes navigation difficult Transportation Barriers- any sudden change in elevation or physical feature that makes navigation difficult 1. Most common type- water falls Cataracts- rock filled rapids Cataracts- rock filled rapids 1. Shallow water makes navigation for large ships impossible

7. Impact on Africa’s Economy Challenges in river transportation make trading/shipping in to Africa’s interior very difficult Challenges in river transportation make trading/shipping in to Africa’s interior very difficult Central Africa 1. Little Industrialization 2. Fewer Resources/Trade 3. Few “Big” and Developed cities

8. Challenges for a Developing Africa Why is the majority of Africa DevelopING? 1. Few Resources (Fertile Soil and Fresh Water 2. Many rivers that are NOT Navigable 3. Reliance on Subsistence Farming 4. Industrialization- Extremely $$$$$$

9. How to Solve the Problem??? DIVERSIFICATION- adding variety to Africa’s economy DIVERSIFICATION- adding variety to Africa’s economy What does this look like? 1. More diverse cash crops 2. Less Importing, More Exporting 3. Bringing in newer industries ** Slow process but Africa is making progress in certain regions…

10. Apartheid Apartheid- system of racist laws that allowed for LEGAL discrimination under the law in South Africa Apartheid- system of racist laws that allowed for LEGAL discrimination under the law in South Africa Segregation in South Africa- 1948-1994 Segregation in South Africa- 1948-1994 What does this mean for the individual ethnic groups of South Africa??

11. Impact of Apartheid on South Africa The British 1. Favored in society 2. Reserved best jobs and opportunities 3. Elevated their social status 4. Kept POWER in the hands of the whites All other Minorities 1. Kept to a lower social status 2. No opportunity 3. Forced to live on “Homelands” 4. Given no power politically

12. End of Apartheid Apartheid ends in 1994 Apartheid ends in 1994 All PEOPLE in South Africa are equal under the law- no discrimination All PEOPLE in South Africa are equal under the law- no discrimination Nelson Mandela- First Black President in South Africa’s history (Significance?) Nelson Mandela- First Black President in South Africa’s history (Significance?) Progress is being made to close to social status gap between rich and poor Progress is being made to close to social status gap between rich and poor