1. High throughput genetics & RNAi Screens Luke Lopas and Mark Devries

2. RNAi history http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/RNAi-Epigenetics-and-Gene-Regulation/RNAi/RNA-Interference-Overview.html

3. Mechanisms of RNAi http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v5/n8/pdf/nrg1415.pdf

4. C. elegans Why is it such a good models organism?. Grows fast. Shares similar cellular components. Transparent. All 959 somatic cells traced Back ground Development to adult in about 2.5 days Life span 2-3 weeks Either hermaphroditic or male

5. Different methods of RNAi

6. Microinjection Most potent method Difficult method

7. Soaking High throughput analysis Can conduct stage specific analysis Weaker effect

8. Feeding High throughput analysis Weak effect

9. Transgene Allows for inducible/ tissue specificity More effective method for some genes

10. Choosing a gene library Genomic sequence information Predict wrong genes structure Only 9% of genome not covered cDNA Can have stronger effect Only represents genes being expressed Misses low expression genes

11. Functional genomic Aims to give in vivo function to every gene Uses all techniques of RNAi delivery Uses both types of RNAi libraries Requires a dissecting microscope Can use rrf-3 mutant

12. Functional genomic findings Insight into genome organization in C. elegans Highly expressed genes show phenotype Chromosomal regions have specialized function Short comings Protocol difference Inter experimental variability

13. Gene family. Specific gene family. Narrows choices Transcriptome. Expressed genes.Microarrays Interactome. protein- protein. Yeast two hybrid Use functional genomics. Narrows choices. ‘in Silico’ Genome wide. whole genome RNAi gene screen. Focus on specific process. Reverse genetics vs forward genetics

14. Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III Gonczy et al.

15. What did they want to do? “…apply RNAi on a genomic scale to identify genes required for cell division.” –Unbiased testing of each ORF…actually testing 96% of ORFs Use a functional genomic approach in early life cycle of C. elegans to identify genes necessary for cell-division –Specifically investigate genes on chromosome III Assign cellular functions to the multitude of genes coming out of sequencing projects.

16. Why RNAi? Easy experiment (relative) Can study cell division –No mitosis occurs between dsRNA innoculation and fertilization Picture from Ahringer Lab

17. How’d they do it? Figure From Ben Schmidt’s 875 presentation

18. How’d they do it? Continued Figure from Ben Schmidt’s 875 presentation

19. Data analysis DIC microscopy used for first 24 hours - requires transparent samples Effects on progeny observed over 2-4 days MicrasteriasMicrasterias radiata as imaged by DIC microscopy, from WikipediaWikipedia

20. Controls From Gonczy et al., 2000

21. Results From Gonczy et al., 2000

22. More Results From Gonczy et al., 2000

23. How does this tie into what we’ve done before? Imagine the categories on the previous slide…do they remind you of anything?

24. How does this tie into what we’ve done before? Imagine the categories on the previous slide…do they remind you of anything? Gene Ontology Categories

25. Analysis of Chromosome III Tested 2,232 ORFs (96.4%) –133 (6.1%) gave detectable DIC phenotypes Found all previously known mutations from classical genetic studies University of Edinburgh

26. Analysis of Chromosome III RNAi loses potency later in development In total: tested 12% of ORFs in genome, so if assume random genome- wide distribution, over 1,000 genes essential for first two cleavage divisions!!! University of Edinburgh

27. Is RNAi an efficient tool for gene function discovery? Pros -Can look at a ton of genes -Can ascribe function to genes w/o previously ascribed function -Provides a source for investigation using classical genetic methods Cons -Loss of sensitivity as development proceeds -Questions surrounding neuronal sensitivity

28. DIC images From Gonczy et al., 2000

29. Guess the phenotype First video is wt All other videos have a developmental phenotype. C. elegans movies

30. Answers All are mutants in different alleles in the same gene. Defect involves celldivision, more specifically spindleformation.

31. Can these results be translated to other organisms? The gene implicated in cell division are more highly conserved among species From Gonczy et al., 2000

32. What do results mean? From Nature NetworksNature Networks

33. Take home messages Lots of genes are involved in early development! RNAi allows you to look at and assign putative function to A LOT of genes! RNAi is an efficient reverse genetic tool but is not perfect

34. Silencing Genomes

35. Phenobank

38. Movie Link

39. Other interesting websites Drosophila RNAi Screening Center –If you are at all interested in fly RNAi and how these results translate to mammals, check it out!

45. Question from Class I have two general questions with regards to functional genomic screens and RNAi; first of all, we learnt from gene ontology that it encompasses three distinct processes - is RNAi used as a method to derive molecular function and/or biological processes information for gene ontology? Secondly, RNAi requires a gene to be knockout to identify the function of that particular gene; what about genes that have redundancy function, i.e. more than one gene performs the same function? The possibility of redundancy function or synergistic function (where function can be measured along a scale - the more genes that code for a function is present, the more gene phenotype is observed) seems to me that it renders incomprehensive screens of gene function. –This was one stated advantage of using C. elegans, the fact that there is little redundancy in genome. But what do you think about studies in mammals?

46. Question from class ITs obvious that RNAi is becoming a powerful tool in worm research, but what are the implications to humans? I've read some papers on RNAi therapeutics, and was curious about your thoughts on that? Could ones' genome be sequenced, bad things identified, and then specific RNAs given to silence problematic genes? This is almost like gene therapy which could someday become more of a reality.