2. AP Biology Classification & the New Taxonomy Chapters 25 – 35

3. AP Biology  Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species  domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Finding commonality in variety use the mnemonic! Solar System Earth No. America U. S. N. Y. L. I. Nassau Co. Levittown

4. AP Biology Archaebacteria & Bacteria Classification  Old 5 Kingdom system  Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals  New 3 Domain system  reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence  _______________________  ___________________ Prokaryote Eukaryote

5. AP Biology Kingdom ____________ Kingdom ________________

6. AP Biology The Evolutionary Perspective

7. AP Biology Kingdoms Single-celled ancestor prokaryoteseukaryotes EubacteriaArchaebacteria Protista multicellular uni- to multicellular autotrophs heterotrophs Plantae FungiAnimalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition

8. AP Biology 2007-2008 Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

9. AP Biology Bacteria live EVERYWHERE!  Bacteria live in all ecosystems  on plants & animals  in plants & animals  in the soil  in depths of the oceans  in extreme cold  in extreme hot  in extreme salt  on the living  on the dead Microbes always find a way to make a living!

10. AP Biology Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!

11. AP Biology Prokaryote Structure  Unicellular  bacilli, cocci, spirilli  Size  1/10 size of eukaryote cell  1 micron (1um)  Internal structure  _________________________________  _____________________________  _________________________________  not wrapped around proteins prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

12. AP Biology Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome double helix Prokaryote Eukaryote

13. AP Biology Variations in Cell Interior internal membranes for photosynthesis like a chloroplast (thylakoids) internal membranes for respiration like a mitochondrion (cristae) aerobic bacterium mitochondria cyanobacterium (photosythetic) bacterium chloroplast

14. AP Biology Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria peptidoglycan plasma membrane outer membrane outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides cell wall peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides That’s important for your doctor to know!

15. AP Biology Major Nutritional Modes

16. AP Biology Prokaryotic metabolism  How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?  ___________________  photosynthetic bacteria  ___________________  oxidize inorganic compounds  nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen…  ___________________  live on plant & animal matter  decomposers & pathogens

17. AP Biology  Obligate aerobes: cannot grow without oxygen because they need oxygen.  Obligate anaerobes: are poisoned by oxygen. Some use fermentation, where others extract chemical energy by another form of anaerobic respiration.  Facultative anaerobes  Oxygen > Use  No Oxygen > Fermentation

18. AP Biology Hon ors Biol ogy 2006 - 2007 Fermentation (anaerobic)  Alcoholic: Bacteria, yeast 1C 3C2C pyruvate  ethanol + CO 2  Lactic Acid: Bacteria, fungi, human muscles pyruvate  lactic acid 3C NADHNAD + NADHNAD + to glycolysis

19. AP Biology Hon ors Biol ogy 2006 - 2007 Cellular respiration 2 ATP~2 ATP2 ATP ~34 ATP +++ ~38 ATP

20. AP Biology Genetic variation in bacteria  Mutations  bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes  ______________________  error rate in copying DNA  1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation  you have billions of E. coli in your gut!  lots of mutation potential!  Genetic recombination  bacteria swap genes  ____________________  small supplemental circles of DNA  ____________________  direct transfer of DNA conjugation

21. AP Biology Bacteria as pathogens  Disease-causing microbes  ___________________  wilts, fruit rot, blights  ____________________  tooth decay, ulcers  anthrax, botulism  plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease  STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia  typhoid, cholera  TB, pneumonia  lyme disease

22. AP Biology Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary)  Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria  ___________________________  recycling of nutrients from dead to living  ___________________________  only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere  needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids  plant root nodules  ___________________________  digest cellulose for herbivores  cellulase enzyme  produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans  _________________________  from yogurt to insulin

23. AP Biology 1 st Prokaryotes  Domain Archaea: known as extremophiles and live in extreme environments such as geysers.  Extreme halophiles live in saline environments (highly concentrated with salt).  Extreme thermophiles live in very hot environments.

24. AP Biology DomainCharacteristicsExamples Bacteria (Eubacteria) unicellular prokaryotes peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes no membrane-bound organelles naked DNA, single circular chromosome, asexual reproduction = binary fission heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs rods, spheres, spirals; Gram positive & negative stain Bacillus, E. coli, Streptococcus Cyanobacteria = “blue-green algae” Archaebacteriaunicellular prokaryotes cell wall (no peptidoglycans), cell membrane, ribosomes, no membrane-bound organelles DNA + histone proteins, single circular chromosome asexual reproduction = binary fission extremophiles: halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens Methanococcus, Halobacterium, Thermoproteus

25. AP Biology  1) Contrast the cellular and genomic organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  Lack internal compartmentalization  Less DNA  Single ring-shaped chromosome  Plasmids  2) Explain how rapid reproduction allows prokaryotes to adapt to changing environments.  Rapid reproduction enables a favorable mutation to spread quickly through a prokaryotic population by natural selection.