1. Circulatory System Principles of Health Science Mr. Robert

2. Circulatory System Or cardiovascular system Or cardiovascular system Consists of heart, blood vessels & blood Consists of heart, blood vessels & blood Transports oxygen & nutrients to body cells and carbon dioxide & metabolic materials away from body cells Transports oxygen & nutrients to body cells and carbon dioxide & metabolic materials away from body cells

3. Heart Pump of the body Pump of the body About the size of a fist About the size of a fist

4. Layers of the heart Endocardium: lines the inside of the heart, allows for smooth flow of blood Endocardium: lines the inside of the heart, allows for smooth flow of blood Myocardium: muscular middle layer, thickest Myocardium: muscular middle layer, thickest Pericardium: double-layered membrane or sac that covers the outside of the heart Pericardium: double-layered membrane or sac that covers the outside of the heart

6. Septum Muscular wall that separates the heart into left and right side Muscular wall that separates the heart into left and right side –Interatrial septum –Interventricular septum

7. Four chambers of the heart Two upper chambers: right atrium and left atrium Two upper chambers: right atrium and left atrium Two lower chambers: right ventricle and left ventricle Two lower chambers: right ventricle and left ventricle

8. Right atrium (RA) Receives blood as it returns from the body Receives blood as it returns from the body

9. Right ventricle (RV) Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen

10. Left atrium (LA) Receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs Receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs

11. Left ventricle (LV) Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood through the aorta for transport to the body Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood through the aorta for transport to the body

12. Cross section of the heart

13. Tricuspid valve Between the right atrium and right ventricle Between the right atrium and right ventricle Closes when the RV contracts, preventing backflow into RA Closes when the RV contracts, preventing backflow into RA

14. Pulmonary valve Located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery Located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery Closes when the RV has finished contracting preventing backflow into the RV Closes when the RV has finished contracting preventing backflow into the RV

15. Mitral valve Located between left atrium & left ventricle Located between left atrium & left ventricle Closes when LV is contracting, preventing back flow into the LA Closes when LV is contracting, preventing back flow into the LA

16. Aortic valve Located between the left ventricle and aorta Located between the left ventricle and aorta Closes when LV is finished contracting preventing backflow into LV Closes when LV is finished contracting preventing backflow into LV

18. Blood vessels Arteries Arteries Capillaries Capillaries Veins Veins

19. Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood away from the heart Aorta is the largest Aorta is the largest More muscular and elastic than other blood vessels More muscular and elastic than other blood vessels

20. Veins Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Two largest veins: superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava Two largest veins: superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava Veins are thinner and have less muscle tissue than arteries Veins are thinner and have less muscle tissue than arteries Most contain valves to prevent backflow Most contain valves to prevent backflow

21. Capillaries Connect arterioles (smallest arteries) with venules (smallest veins) Connect arterioles (smallest arteries) with venules (smallest veins) Very thin walls, one cell layer thick Very thin walls, one cell layer thick Gas exchange takes place Gas exchange takes place

22. Heartbeat Diastole: period of rest, ventricular filling Diastole: period of rest, ventricular filling Systole: period of ventricular contraction Systole: period of ventricular contraction

23. Conductive Pathway of the Heart SA Node: pacemaker SA Node: pacemaker AV node: impulse temporarily slowed AV node: impulse temporarily slowed Bundle of His (septum) Bundle of His (septum) R & L bundle branches R & L bundle branches Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers

24. Blood flow Vena cavas-right atrium-tricuspid valve-rt ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-lt atrium- mitral valve-left ventricle-aortic valve- aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-body cells-venules-veins Vena cavas-right atrium-tricuspid valve-rt ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-lt atrium- mitral valve-left ventricle-aortic valve- aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-body cells-venules-veins

25. Blood 4-6 quarts in average adult 4-6 quarts in average adult Made of plasma and blood cells Made of plasma and blood cells Plasma: fluid part of blood, 90% water with blood proteins, mineral salts, gases, hormones, nutrients, etc Plasma: fluid part of blood, 90% water with blood proteins, mineral salts, gases, hormones, nutrients, etc

26. Blood Cells Erythrocytes Erythrocytes Leukocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Thrombocytes

27. Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBC) Red blood cells (RBC) Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen & carbon dioxide Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen & carbon dioxide

28. Leukocytes White blood cells White blood cells Main function is to fight infection Main function is to fight infection Five types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes Five types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

29. Neutrophils Most common leukocyte Most common leukocyte Phagocytize bacteria Phagocytize bacteria

30. Eosinophil Involved with allergic reactions Involved with allergic reactions

31. Basophil Least common leukocyte Least common leukocyte Produce histamine & heparin Produce histamine & heparin

32. Monocytes Phagocytize bacteria & other microorganisms Phagocytize bacteria & other microorganisms

33. Lymphocytes Provide immunity by developing antibodies Provide immunity by developing antibodies Protect against the formation of cancer cells Protect against the formation of cancer cells

34. Thrombocytes Platelets Platelets Important in the clotting process, form a sticky plug when vessel is cut Important in the clotting process, form a sticky plug when vessel is cut

35. Circulatory System Diseases

36. Arrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm Abnormal heart rhythm Detected by ECG (electrocardiogram) Detected by ECG (electrocardiogram)

37. Anemia Low number of RBC or hemoglobin Low number of RBC or hemoglobin Symptoms include paleness, tired Symptoms include paleness, tired

38. Aneurysm Ballooning out of an artery wall Ballooning out of an artery wall If ruptures, hemorrhage occurs If ruptures, hemorrhage occurs

39. Arteriosclerosis Hardening or thickening of arterial walls Hardening or thickening of arterial walls Aging change Aging change Causes high blood pressure Causes high blood pressure

40. Atherosclerosis Fatty plaques (usually cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of arteries Fatty plaques (usually cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of arteries

41. Embolus Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream Can be air, blood clot, fat Can be air, blood clot, fat

42. Hemophilia Inherited disease, usually in males Inherited disease, usually in males Blood is unable to clot Blood is unable to clot Leads to prolonged bleeding Leads to prolonged bleeding

43. Hypertension High blood pressure High blood pressure

44. Leukemia Malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue Malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue High numbers of immature WBC High numbers of immature WBC

45. Myocardial Infarction Heart attack Heart attack Occurs when a blockage in coronary arteries cuts off blood supply to heart Occurs when a blockage in coronary arteries cuts off blood supply to heart

46. Phlebitis Inflammation of vein, usually in the leg Inflammation of vein, usually in the leg

47. Varicose veins Dilated swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause decreased blood flow Dilated swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause decreased blood flow Usually in legs form pregnancy, prolonged sitting, heredity Usually in legs form pregnancy, prolonged sitting, heredity

48. Image Citations Slide 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,19,20,26,28,29,30,35,40: Delmar Learning’s Medical Terminology Image Library, Second Edition, Version 1.0, ISBN 1-4018-1009-8. Slide 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,19,20,26,28,29,30,35,40: Delmar Learning’s Medical Terminology Image Library, Second Edition, Version 1.0, ISBN 1-4018-1009-8. Slide 4: Blood and Body Defenses, 1/29/06, http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4.htm Slide 4: Blood and Body Defenses, 1/29/06, http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4.htm http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4.htm Slide 15: St. Jude Medical, 1/29/06, http://www.sjm.com/globals/popups/valvereplace.shtm Slide 15: St. Jude Medical, 1/29/06, http://www.sjm.com/globals/popups/valvereplace.shtm http://www.sjm.com/globals/popups/valvereplace.shtm Slide 16: 1/29/06, http://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve- disease/images/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpg Slide 16: 1/29/06, http://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve- disease/images/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpghttp://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve- disease/images/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpghttp://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve- disease/images/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpg Slide 17: Where is the mitral valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/mitral.php Slide 17: Where is the mitral valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/mitral.php http://www.yourheart.org.uk/mitral.php Slide 18: Where is the aortic valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/aortic.php Slide 18: Where is the aortic valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/aortic.php http://www.yourheart.org.uk/aortic.php Slide 23: Artery, 1/29/06, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030 819.html Slide 23: Artery, 1/29/06, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030 819.html http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030 819.html http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030 819.html Slide 25: Capillaries Image, 1/29/06, http://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/Capimage.html Slide 25: Capillaries Image, 1/29/06, http://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/Capimage.html http://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/Capimage.html

49. Image Citations Slide 32: What is anemia?, 1/29/06, http://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_materials/ epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jsp Slide 32: What is anemia?, 1/29/06, http://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_materials/ epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jsp http://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_materials/ epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jsp http://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_materials/ epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jsp Slide 33: Aneurysm, 2/27/06, http://www.evergreensurgicalclinic.com/vascular.htm Slide 33: Aneurysm, 2/27/06, http://www.evergreensurgicalclinic.com/vascular.htm http://www.evergreensurgicalclinic.com/vascular.htm Slide 34: Arteriosclerosis, 1/29/06, http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&term id=2580&alpha=a&searchString= Slide 34: Arteriosclerosis, 1/29/06, http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&term id=2580&alpha=a&searchString= http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&term id=2580&alpha=a&searchString http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&term id=2580&alpha=a&searchString Slide 42: 2/27/06, http://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk/photoalbum/ph120.htm Slide 42: 2/27/06, http://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk/photoalbum/ph120.htm http://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk/photoalbum/ph120.htm