1. Animal Activity and Tree Well Width Erin Kinney Winter Ecology 2011 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder Erin Kinney Winter Ecology 2011 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder

2. Common Animal Species to be Found  Moose  Snowshoe Hare  Squirrel  Vole  Weasel  Bird  Moose  Snowshoe Hare  Squirrel  Vole  Weasel  Bird

3. Types of Activity  Entrance/Exit Holes  Resting  Tree to Tree  Eating  Entrance/Exit Holes  Resting  Tree to Tree  Eating

4. Importance of Tree Wells  Cover and Protection  Heat Transfer Formation  Cover and Protection  Heat Transfer Formation

5. What is the Correlation to Animal Activity and Tree Well Size and Quality?

6. Methods Field Observations going from tree well to tree well, activity under tree, resting area, entrance/exit hole Measurements width of tree well, area of track, area of hole Field Observations going from tree well to tree well, activity under tree, resting area, entrance/exit hole Measurements width of tree well, area of track, area of hole

7. Methods Data Analysis Classification 3 categories (tree to tree, hole, resting) Comparative Graphs track or hole area vs well width average track or hole area with and without cover Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient range of -1 to 1 Limitations weather, snow fall Correlation NegativePositive None−0.09 to 0.00.0 to 0.09 Small−0.3 to −0.10.1 to 0.3 Medium−0.5 to −0.30.3 to 0.5 Large−1.0 to −0.50.5 to 1.0

8. Entrance/Exit Holes Average Area 10.88 in^2 Average Tree Well Width 4.12 in Correlation -0.0065

9. Entrance/Exit Holes Average With Cover 9.37 in^2 Average Without Cover 12.18 in^2 Correlation 0.198

10. Resting Areas Average Area 120in Correlation -0.56 Average Tree Well Width 2.75

11. Resting Areas Correlation -0.53

12. Tree to Tree Average Area 14.02 in Average Tree Well Width 6.38 in Average Differences 3.0 in Correlation 0.0246 Blue-Cover Red-No Cover

13. Tree to Tree Correlation -0.379

14. Discussion  Cover  Tree Well Size  Area of Tracks  Area of Holes  Areas of Improvement and New Study  Cover  Tree Well Size  Area of Tracks  Area of Holes  Areas of Improvement and New Study

15. Conclusions Animals out in Winter Specializations, Limitations, Active Tree Wells Formation, Cover and Protection Methods Observations, Measurements, Data Analysis, Pearson Product -1 to 1 Animals to Tree Well Size No Correlation Animals to Amount of Cover Correlation Animals out in Winter Specializations, Limitations, Active Tree Wells Formation, Cover and Protection Methods Observations, Measurements, Data Analysis, Pearson Product -1 to 1 Animals to Tree Well Size No Correlation Animals to Amount of Cover Correlation

16. References  Kelsall, John. "Structural Adaptations of Moose and Deer for Snow." Journal of Mammology. 50.2 (1969): 302-310.  KORSLUND, L. and STEEN, H. “ Small rodent winter survival: snow conditions limit access to food resources.” Journal of Animal Ecology(2006): 75: 156–166.  Mohr, Carl, and William Stumpf. "Comparison of Methods for Calculating Areas of Animal Activity." Journal of Wildlife Management. 30.2 (1966): 293-304.  Murie, Olaus Johan. "A Field Guide to Animal Tracks." Google Books. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BwVw6YpLyDkC&oi=fnd&p g=PT13&dq=animal tracks&ots=15OgSGjc2A&sig=KaxjItEV4X1OCi2TsNoEYFnDUnE#v=onep age&q&f=false. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BwVw6YpLyDkC&oi=fnd&p g=PT13&dq=animal tracks&ots=15OgSGjc2A&sig=KaxjItEV4X1OCi2TsNoEYFnDUnE#v=onep age&q&f=false  Strum, Matt. "Snow Distribution and Heat Flow in the Taiga." Arctic and Alpine Research. 24.2 (1992): 145-152.  Kelsall, John. "Structural Adaptations of Moose and Deer for Snow." Journal of Mammology. 50.2 (1969): 302-310.  KORSLUND, L. and STEEN, H. “ Small rodent winter survival: snow conditions limit access to food resources.” Journal of Animal Ecology(2006): 75: 156–166.  Mohr, Carl, and William Stumpf. "Comparison of Methods for Calculating Areas of Animal Activity." Journal of Wildlife Management. 30.2 (1966): 293-304.  Murie, Olaus Johan. "A Field Guide to Animal Tracks." Google Books. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BwVw6YpLyDkC&oi=fnd&p g=PT13&dq=animal tracks&ots=15OgSGjc2A&sig=KaxjItEV4X1OCi2TsNoEYFnDUnE#v=onep age&q&f=false. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BwVw6YpLyDkC&oi=fnd&p g=PT13&dq=animal tracks&ots=15OgSGjc2A&sig=KaxjItEV4X1OCi2TsNoEYFnDUnE#v=onep age&q&f=false  Strum, Matt. "Snow Distribution and Heat Flow in the Taiga." Arctic and Alpine Research. 24.2 (1992): 145-152.