1. Chapters 8.2 and 15: Africa

2. C. Spread their ironworking skills and adapted their farming methods to suit the new lands 1. learned new customs Migration Map I. Bantu A.People of the savanna region south of the Sahara B.Farmers and nomadic herders, who were skilled in ironworking 1. used slash and burn farming techniques 2. land lost fertility requiring them to move

3. A. Cause of Migration 1. as populations increased, needed more land to farm & graze 2. Needed hardwood for ironworking II. Bantu Migrations (3000BCE – CE 1100) B. Effect of Migration 1. Population distribution 2. Cultural blending through contact and intermarriage 3. Increased pop. destiny 4. Shared technology a. forging tools and weapons from copper, bronze, iron

4. I. Sudanic Kingdoms A.Hunting-gathering B.Social structure - leader = oldest male C.Lineage = same ancestors D.Stateless society 1. No centralized power Trade Routes Chapter 15

5. 1.Development: Sonike people a. Emerged when camel introduced to trade 2.Trade = gold, salt 3.Became rich by taxing traders 4. By 800 an empire 5. Palace, army, bureaucracy 6. Islam spread through trade - most mixed Islam and animistic beliefs = religious syncretism 7. Decline: Defeated by N. Africa Muslims II. Three West African Sudanic Kingdoms A. Ghana 800-1076

6. B. Mali 1235-1400 1.Development: Mande people, became powerful after fall of Ghana 2.Trade = gold, salt 3.Capital = Niani 4.Decline: weak successors and gold trade shifted east

7. 4. Sundiata, Mali’s first great leader a.Mali’s first great leader b.All of his 12 brothers were murdered c.Grew up and avenged their murders d.Became emperor of Mali about 1235 e.Military leader - took over Ghana f.Led to peace and prosperity = established bureaucracy and administration g.Agriculture, established gold & salt trade

8. 5. Mansa Musa, Mali’s second great leader 1312-1332 a.Grandnephew of Sundiata b.Military leader c.Gold & salt trade d.Expanded empire i. needed Governors, provinces e. Devout Muslim i. went on Hajj to Mecca ii. gave away so much gold that the value declined in Egypt & Europeans learned of the wealth of the kingdom iii. Built mosques – Timbuktu great city of learning and Islam in Africa

9. 6. Ibn Battuta, Muslim geographer and historian a.Began travels in 1352 b.Traveled for 27 years, 75,000 miles throughout Muslim world c.Muslim world’s Marco Polo d.Provides most of what we know about this part of the world (see page quote p. 416 in text) e.Geography

10. C. Songhai = largest of the Sundanic Kingdoms 1.Development: took over Mali upon its demise 2.Wealthy through gold trade 3.Capital = Gao 4.Islamic kingdom 5.Trade routes 6.Decline: Lacked modern weapons of 1500s… Destroyed by gunpowder weapons - Arabs

11. A. East Africa - Swahili City-States 1. Not unified a. language & culture came from a blending of Arabic and Bantu b. Cities included: Mogadishu, Sofala, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa 2. Trade since Roman times - Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, India, Indonesia 3. Traded ivory, slaves, cinnamon, cloth, iron tools, gold, leopard skins, rhinoceros horns 4. Muslims migrated to area after death of Muhammad 5. Trade w/ Muslims 6. Portuguese took over seaside cities III. African - trade and religion

13. 7. Muslims kidnapped Africans to sell in markets since 9 th century a. Used in Arabia, Persia, and Iraq b. Shipped to India to be used as soldiers c. Worked on docks and as household servants in China

14. IV. Role of geography in trade Gold trade Salt Slaves Shipped from Africa to India, Arabia & China

15. Slaves Shipped from Africa to India, Arabia & China IV. Role of geography in trade

16. V. Salt, Slaves, and Gold A.Intro. of camel impacted trade across desert areas B.Trade stimulated salt and gold mining 1. Need for slaves C. Salt taken from Sahara – taken south to trade for gold D. Gold shipped to Europe, Asia, N. Africa E. Slaves - 2nd largest export 1.Used in armies 2.Demand high because of high death rate A.Intro. of camel impacted trade across desert areas B.Trade stimulated salt and gold mining 1. Need for slaves C. Salt taken from Sahara – taken south to trade for gold D. Gold shipped to Europe, Asia, N. Africa E. Slaves - 2nd largest export 1.Used in armies 2.Demand high because of high death rate

17. VI. Religious Syncretism A. Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile different or contradictory beliefs. 1. This often results in mixing practices of various schools of thought. 2. The term also means any attempt to combine and relate several originally distinct traditions. *allows for religious toleration!* Bantu Migration + Trans-Saharan Trade + Conquest = Religious Syncretism

18. B. Where does it occur? 1. This phenomenon occurs in areas where multiple religious practices come in close contact. 2. Usually: among trading nations, in conquered nations, or invaded areas

19. 1.Islam in Northern and parts of Eastern Africa 2.Blend of traditional African beliefs (animism) w/ Islam and Christianity 3. Spread of Islam created new cultures 4. Base some governments on Islamic laws – with differing interpretations, for instance a. East Africa - women wear veils b. West Africa - women no veils C. Result of religious syncretism in Africa =