1. The Scientific Revolution
Main Idea
New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.
Essential Questions
What changes led to the dawn of modern science?
What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?
How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry?
How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?

2. Dawn of Modern Science The Old View New Viewpoints
In the mid-1500s, scholars began to think in new ways, other than looking to the church for every answer.
Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe
Geocentric theory, Aristotle
Earth center of universe
Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun
Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals
The Old View
Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking
Why open to new ideas?
Exploration
New lands, new people, new animals
New Viewpoints

3. Scientific Method Scholars
The Scientific Method
Identify problem
Form hypothesis
Perform experiments to test hypothesis
Record results
Analyze results, form conclusion
Scientific Method
Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge
Rene Descartes -believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason
Relied on math, logic
Scientific Method Scholars

4. What was the Scientific Revolution?
Find the Main Idea
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation

5. Copernicus On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Weakness of theory
Nicolaus Copernicus, found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate
Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system
Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun
developed detailed mathematical explanation and model of process
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
famous book not published until last year of his life
contradicted teachings of church, knew church would oppose
Weakness of theory
Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well

6. Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory
Johannes Kepler
Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory
Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct
Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle
Kepler found assumption untrue
Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse

7. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math Changes in science world
Galileo
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
Built first telescope used for astronomy
Galileo described discoveries
Changes in science world
Isaac Newton, English scientist
Wondered about gravity
Principia
Book explained law of universal gravitation
Keeps planets in orbit
Newton’s Findings
developed calculus, new kind of math
Used calculus to predict effects of gravity

8. Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the field of biology and chemistry.
Dr. Andreas Vesalius known for work in anatomy
Used bodies of executed criminals for dissection
Hired artists to produce accurate drawings
Biology
English physician
Observed, explained workings of human heart
Described blood, circulatory system functions
William Harvey
English physician
Credited with creating the term cell
Robert Hooke

9. Robert Boyle Father of modern chemistry First to define element
Wrote The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms)
Boyle’s law - temperature, volume, pressure affect gases

10. What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Summarize
What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Answer(s): importance of anatomy and dissection; function of blood and circulatory system; invention of microscope; discovery of certain laws of matter

11. Science and Society Science and the Church Conflicts
The question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
Most powerful institution in Europe
Primary resource for knowledge, learning
Schools trained people to run the church
Science and the Church
Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity
Church explained world through inspiration, revealed truth
Science explained world through logical reasoning
Conflicts
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

12. Science and the Church Galileo’s Theories Trial House Arrest
Brought him into direct conflict with the church
Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus
Trial
Pope ordered Galileo to stand trial before Inquisition
Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views
House Arrest
Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work
Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

14. Science and Community
Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world
Great advances made in the sciences
Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture
Science & religion combined to produce some great artistic achievements of the Reniassance
Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance

16. Draw Conclusions
How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?
Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about government, religion, education, and economics.