2. Rockets Module 41 Rockets and the Conquest of Space

3. Rockets Module 42 Objective To understand more about the conquest of space… the final frontier –Discoveries and inventions –Pioneers, engineers, and astronauts

4. Rockets Module 43 Early Discoveries Greek named Hero demonstrated rocket engine principle of “Action/Reaction” 1 st Century AD steam reaction motor Generates ‘thrust’ – the force that moves the rocket

5. Rockets Module 44 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727 First Law - A body at rest tends to stay at rest; a body in motion tends to stay in motion Second Law – Force equals mass times acceleration Third Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Reaction Action

6. Rockets Module 45 Chinese Invent Gunpowder First ‘solid fuel’ 1200 AD

7. Rockets Module 46 Gun Powder Granular mixture of: 15% charcoal, fuel to burn—carbon (C) 75% saltpeter (KNO 3 potassium nitrate) oxygen 10% Sulfur (S), also a fuel –lowers ignition temperature to –increase speed of combustion (burning) Roger Bacon (England) improved formula

8. Rockets Module 47 Advances In Solid Fuel Rockets William Congreve improved military use William Hale devises spin stabilized rockets Jean Froissart achieves higher accuracy launching through tubes (bazooka) Solid fuel stored Combustion Chamber Exhaust nozzle

9. Rockets Module 48 Father of Modern Astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Russian (1857-1935) Scientific study of space exploration Recognized liquid fuel has more energy Deaf at age 13—Self taught

10. Rockets Module 49 Popularizing Space Travel Herman Oberth (1923) German –Wrote about space travel –Helped create first realistic science fiction movie

11. Rockets Module 410 Father of Modern Rocketry Robert Goddard Launched first successful liquid fuel rocket March 16, 1926

12. Rockets Module 411

13. Rockets Module 412 Basic Liquid Fuel Rocket Engine From Propellant Tanks OxygenFuel

14. Rockets Module 413 V-2 – First Large Liquid Fuel Rocket Developed by Wernher von Braun in Germany during WWII. Surface to surface missile Send 2000 pound warhead (payload) 200 miles

15. Rockets Module 414 Major Systems of a Rocket 46 Payload

16. Rockets Module 415 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile 1960 ICBM able to fly anywhere in the world in 30 minutes Carry 3,000 lb. five megaton hydrogen bomb warhead 8,000 miles

17. Rockets Module 416 First Artificial Earth Satellite Sputnik - Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 (Russia) Sergei Korolev Began the Space Race

18. Rockets Module 417 First Man in Space Yuri Gagarin Russian (USSR) April 12, 1961 One orbit of the earth

19. Rockets Module 418 Alan Shepard First American in Space Flew in the Mercury Spacecraft NOT and orbital flight 115 Miles up and down May 1961 Launched by a Redstone

20. Rockets Module 419 First American to Orbit John Glenn - February, 1962 Launched by the Atlas

21. Rockets Module 420 Early Manned Spacecraft Vostok First man in space Yuri Gagarin 1961 Mercury First American in Orbit John Glenn 1962 Gemini First Rendezvous 1965 Apollo First man to walk the Moon - Neil Armstrong 1969

22. Rockets Module 421 First Men on the Moon Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin July 1969 Launched by the Saturn V Effectively ended the Space Race

23. Rockets Module 422

24. Rockets Module 423 We’ve Been to the Moon and scheduled to return by 2018

25. Rockets Module 424 Comparative Sizes Mercury / Atlas John Glenn 1962 Vostok / R-7 Yuri Gagarin 1961 Saturn V / Apollo Neil Armstrong 1969 Space Shuttle 1981- Present

26. Rockets Module 425 Fourth Generation — Reusable Shuttle 1981-2010 265,000 lbs Mercury Gemini Apollo Orion

27. Rockets Module 426 First U.S Space Station -- Skylab Launched 1973 91 metric tons Three crews 1973-74 Re-entered 1979

28. Rockets Module 427 International Space Station

29. Rockets Module 428 On to Mars – The Phoenix Lander

30. Rockets Module 429 Astronaut “Steve the Cat”

31. Rockets Module 430 Exploring Space One Mouse at a Time

32. Rockets Module 431 Time Line to Space Tsiolkovsky 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Goddard Oberth Sputnik ICBM Gagarin & Shepard Von Braun V-2 Glenn Armstrong Skylab Space Shuttle Challenger Columbia Space Race ISS YWB

33. Rockets Module 432 Quiz Time Match the Name on the Left with their accomplishment 1.Greek named Hero 2.Chinese 3.Sir Isaac Newton 4.Jean Froissart 5.William Hale 6.Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 7.Herman Oberth (1923) 8.Robert Goddard A.Invented Gunpowder rocket B.Higher accuracy using tubes (bazooka) C.Published book on space travel first science fiction movie D.Demonstrated Reactive force E.Father of Modern Rocketry F.Three laws of motion G.Devises spin stabilized rockets H.Father of Modern Astronautics

34. Rockets Module 433 Quiz Time Match the Name on the Left with the accomplishment 1.Wernher von Braun 2.Alan Shepard 3.Neil Armstrong 4.Yuri Gagarin 5.John Glenn 6.Sputnik A.First man to walk on moon B.Designed the V-2 and Saturn V C.First American to Orbit D.First Man to Orbit E.First American in space F.First artificial Earth Satellite

35. Rockets Module 434 Is this you in a few years?

36. Rockets Module 435

37. Rockets Module 436 Rockets – The Space Shuttle

38. Rockets Module 437 Replacement for Saturn V Saturn V sent men to the moon 1968-72 Launched Skylab Space Station 1973 250,000 lbs. To earth orbit Shuttle 65,000 pounds to earth orbit Shuttle 4.4 million lbs. 6 million lbs. thrust Saturn V 6.0 million lbs. 7.5 million lbs. thrust

39. Rockets Module 438 Initial Reusable Design - 1970 Expected to fly weekly – 52 flights/year High Development costs required a more conservative design

40. Rockets Module 439 The Compromise Solid Fuel Boosters Expendable tank Four flight vehicles No ‘escape system’.

41. Rockets Module 440 First Flight - 1981 Use of Solid Fuel limits safety factor at launch Can’t shut down solids once ignited

42. Rockets Module 441 Final Costs Flying only 8 Shuttles per year Each flight costs $500,000,000 (Half a billion dollars) High cost caused by few flights divided by extensive maintenance and launch expenses

43. Rockets Module 442

44. Rockets Module 443 Challenger – January 1986

45. Rockets Module 444 Critical Flight Profiles - Reentry

46. Rockets Module 445

47. Rockets Module 446 Shuttle Tiles - Side View

48. Rockets Module 447 Shuttle Tiles – Bottom View

49. Rockets Module 448

50. Rockets Module 449 AF Photo over ABQ

51. Rockets Module 450 The Columbia is Lost Feb 1, 2003

52. Rockets Module 451 In Memory of those who have Perished

53. Rockets Module 452 Questions Being Raised High costs High risk Questionable manned spaceflight program objectives

54. Rockets Module 453 Consequences Discontinue Shuttle program 2010 Develop a less costly, safer, re-usable spacecraft Crew Excursion Vehicle called Orion Rocket ARES 1

55. Rockets Module 454

56. Rockets Module 455 The end... of the beginning

57. Rockets Module 456 Critical Flight Profiles - Launch