1. René Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on Method (1637) Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am.”) Cartesianism/Cartesian Dualism Two kinds of reality: “thinking substance” and “extended substance” Coordinate geometry

2. Science and the Church Catholic Church and Galileo. Reaction of Descartes Protestant vs. Catholic reactions

3. Science and European Governments Encouragement of rulers: technological and practical advantages 1662 Royal Society of London founded in England 1666 Royal Academy of Sciences founded in France Publication and dissemination

4. Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-73) 1945 Royal Society admits women 14 Jan 2005 Larry Summers questions scientific abilities of women Canadian Association of University Teachers

5. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Conflict with Cartesians over role of God

6. Theory of gravitation: attraction and repulsion between objects Other discoveries: about nervous system, colours Inventing calculus (at same time as Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) 1660s Newton builds reflecting telescope James Gregory (1638-75)