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Hilary Cheng, Ph.D. College of Management Yuan Ze University.

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1 Hilary Cheng, Ph.D. College of Management Yuan Ze University

2 Research Interest  Service Management, e-Business  Operations Management, Managerial Decision Modeling  Enterprise Resource Planning  Business Venturing  Business Analytics and Data Visualization

3 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis Model Yuan Ze University Hilary Cheng, Yi Chuan Lu, Hitoshi Katsukura

4 Research Background 11200 11000 10800 10600 10400 10200 10000 9800 9600 9400 9200 9000 19961998 Unit: a hundred million yen 200020022004200620082010 Scale of Hotel industry in Japan ９９６ − The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

5 10000000 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 The number of foreign visitors after 2000 Unit: person Research Background The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

6 Research Motivation It is not yet starting to collect data in hotel industry by Japanese government. We can see the Sales Ranking of Hotel or Ryokan (Japanese-style hotel), but not support for hotel industrial management. Koike (2012) research about accommodation environment in Japan. But not yet started to disclose about efficiency of International Tourism Hotel. The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

7 Target: ŊůŵŦųůaŵŪŰůaŭ TŰŶųŪŴŮʼnŰŵŦŭ Ūů ŋaűaů ŅŦŧŪůŪŵŪŰů Űŧ ŊůŵŦųůaŵŪŰůaŭ TŰŶųŪŴŮʼnŰŵŦŭ Ūů ŋaűaůŦŴŦ ‧ Minimum number of rooms: more then 15 rooms ‧ It is essential to have a certain level of number of customer ‧ Western style of restaurant and kitchen ‧ It is essential to have a certain level ofarea as party venue and restaurant ‧ Sign for foreign tourists 炷 English sign, room, evacuation route 等炸 We do not focus on Ryokan (Japanese-style hotel) TũŦ ńũaųaŤŵŦųŪŴŵŪŤ Űŧ ŊůŵŦųůaŵŪŰůaŭ TŰŶųŪŴŮ ʼnŰŵŦŭ Ūů ŋaűaů RŰŰŮ ŴŦŤŵŪŰůFŰŰť aůť ŅųŪůŬ ŴŦŤŵŪŰůPaųŵy ŴŦŤŵŪŰů The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

8 Research Object Collecting Data  OHTA PUBLISHING COMPANY JAPAN HOTEL ALMANAC 2003-2010 Sales Ranking 300(2001-2008) Number of registrations ： 5714  International Tourism Hotel ق in Japan ك Number of registrations ： 1108 ق 2008 ك Data2001-2008 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

9 What is DEA? Evaluation Efficiency Performance= Productivity Output Input The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model Decision Making DEA Model InputOutput abcdabcd efghefgh

10 DEA Analysis Input Input Input 1 2 3 InputInput 4 5 Output CCR Overall efficiency BCC Technical efficiency CCR/BCC Scale efficiency Research Method Data Envelopment Analysis Model The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

11 Cluster Analysis CCR Overall efficiency BCC Technical efficiency CCR/BCC Scale efficiency Classify Data The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

12 Input Variable Human management Service management Sales management The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model Input1 Input2 Input3 Input4 Input5 Number of Room Number of Employee Number of Restaurant Seat Number of Bar Seat Number of Party seat Output1 Total Revenue Variablecontents

13 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model Correlation analysis 01-04

14 Correlation analysis 05-08 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

15 Result of CCR CCR Score The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model  Best DMU H02H05H12 H15H21 H28 H35  Improvement is required DMU H37 nit nam20012002200320042005200620072008Average H010.9220.9430.9081.000 0.972 H021.000 H030.9490.9630.9890.8800.9040.8220.9230.8520.910 H041.0000.9141.000 0.989 H051.000 H061.0000.8970.9140.9580.9930.9600.9300.8420.937 H070.9060.8840.8700.8550.9210.9901.0000.9470.921 H080.9961.000 0.9370.992 H090.6080.7210.6440.6470.7450.9410.9100.8770.762 H100.8710.8840.8510.8980.8100.8130.8290.8300.848 H110.8870.8570.8900.9180.9340.9300.9540.9430.914 H121.000 H130.8400.7870.7420.7880.8260.8460.9200.9620.839 H140.8620.8020.7690.807 0.7950.7450.6790.783 H151.000 H160.8780.7260.7940.8560.7940.7500.7530.6770.778 H171.0000.9980.9681.000 0.996 H180.9191.000 0.9730.9170.976 H190.9700.9900.8710.8721.0000.9921.000 0.962 H200.6870.7190.8710.9230.9931.0000.9020.8810.872 H211.000 H220.4600.4440.5070.7080.6510.6610.5970.6630.586 H230.6940.7480.7350.8190.7840.7670.8730.7810.775 H240.8630.7320.8250.8590.8430.7730.7770.7680.805 H250.5500.5340.6890.6900.6700.6230.6070.6010.621 H260.9350.9181.0000.9861.000 0.980 H271.000 0.9990.9130.9120.978 H281.000 H290.6430.6120.5610.6120.6740.6140.5520.5630.604 H300.7680.7260.7650.8700.9040.8530.7680.7720.803 H310.8990.8410.8950.8250.9100.9380.8710.9290.888 H320.7690.8120.7700.8230.7600.7530.6570.7010.756 H330.8300.6440.9010.8630.9270.9750.7390.8040.835 H340.9290.8370.8760.9520.9431.000 0.8860.928 H351.000 H360.6370.6950.7070.6890.6410.6230.6070.5740.646 H370.4740.4760.5850.6430.6280.6240.5490.4910.559 H380.8960.8410.8560.8360.7900.7370.8330.8060.824

16 Result of BCC The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model  Best DMU H01 H04 H0 5 H026H31 H34 H36H38  Improvement is required DMU H22 BCC nit nam20012002200320042005200620072008Average H011.000 H021.000 H031.000 0.9810.998 H041.000 H051.000 H061.0000.9110.9610.9721.0000.9680.9320.8440.949 H070.9480.9010.9130.8620.9240.9941.0000.9520.937 H080.9961.000 0.9560.994 H090.6490.8150.7250.6810.8150.9720.9270.9630.818 H100.8890.8880.8600.9180.8170.8230.8330.8530.860 H110.9020.9320.9830.9380.9470.9310.9630.9740.946 H121.000 H130.8490.7900.7550.7960.8420.8530.9230.9630.846 H140.9440.8850.8370.8610.8440.8200.7600.7080.832 H151.000 H160.8960.7300.8020.8760.8190.7600.7550.6800.790 H171.000 0.9821.000 0.998 H180.9671.000 0.9730.9250.983 H191.000 0.9210.9461.000 0.983 H200.7080.7390.8800.9240.9941.0000.9510.8980.887 H211.000 H220.4920.4930.5350.7470.7000.7090.6720.7270.634 H230.8160.7810.7660.8360.7970.7750.9460.8700.823 H241.0000.7840.8810.9090.8700.7870.8490.8450.866 H250.7110.5850.7510.7660.7470.6910.7390.7140.713 H261.000 H271.000 0.9700.9690.992 H281.000 H290.7390.6480.6790.7050.6990.6410.6990.7090.690 H300.9160.8930.9931.0000.9960.9401.000 0.967 H311.000 H320.8710.9210.9420.9660.870 0.9110.9720.915 H331.0000.9011.000 0.988 H341.000 H351.000 H361.000 H370.8540.7940.9950.9640.821 0.8520.8720.871 H381.000

17 CCR/B nit nam20012002200320042005200620072008 H010.9220.9430.9081.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H021.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H030.9490.9630.9890.8800.9040.8220.923 0.868 H041.0000.9141.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H051.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H061.0000.9840.9510.9860.9930.9910.998 0.998 H070.9560.9800.9530.9920.9970.9951.000 0.996 H081.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 0.979 H090.9380.8850.8880.9510.9140.9690.982 0.911 H100.9800.9960.9900.9770.9910.9870.995 0.973 H110.9830.9200.9050.9780.9860.9990.991 0.967 H121.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H130.9900.9960.9830.9910.9810.9920.997 0.999 H140.9130.9060.9190.9370.9560.9690.980 0.958 H151.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H160.9790.9940.9900.9770.9690.9880.997 0.995 H171.0000.9980.9861.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H180.9501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 0.992 H190.9700.9900.9460.9221.0000.9921.000 1.000 H200.9700.9730.9900.9990.9991.0000.948 0.981 H211.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H220.9360.9000.9480.9470.9310.9320.887 0.912 H230.8510.9580.9590.9800.9840.9900.922 0.898 H240.8630.9340.9360.9440.9700.9830.916 0.909 H250.7740.9120.9170.9010.8980.9020.821 0.842 H260.9350.9181.0000.9861.0001.0001.000 1.000 H271.0001.0001.0001.0001.0000.9990.941 0.941 H281.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H290.8690.9440.8260.8680.9640.9570.790 0.794 H300.8380.8130.7710.8700.9080.9070.768 0.772 H310.8990.8410.8950.8250.9100.9380.871 0.929 H320.8830.8820.8180.8520.8740.8650.721 0.722 H330.8300.7150.9010.8630.9270.9750.739 0.804 H340.9290.8370.8760.9520.9431.0001.000 0.886 H351.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000 1.000 H360.6370.6950.7070.6890.6410.6230.607 0.574 H370.5550.6000.5880.6660.7650.7600.645 0.562 H380.8960.8410.8560.8360.7900.7370.833 0.806 Average 0.972 1.000 0.912 0.989 1.000 0.987 0.984 0.998 0.931 0.986 0.966 1.000 0.991 0.941 1.000 0.985 0.998 0.993 0.978 0.983 1.000 0.924 0.941 0.930 0.870 0.980 0.986 1.000 0.875 0.830 0.888 0.826 0.846 0.928 1.000 0.646 0.641 0.824 Result of CCR/BCC  BestDMU H02H05H12 H15H21 H28 H35  Improvement is required DMU H37 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

18 Cluster Analysis G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 Using Data DMU Data Result of CCR, Result of BCC, Result of CCR/BCC Cluster Analysis * Ward method, Quadrance The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

19 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group1 CCR H35H01H04H08H17H18 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group2 CCR 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group3 CCR 0.550 0.700 0.850 Group4 CCR 1.000 H22H25H29 0.550 0.700 0.850 H36H37 0.550 0.700 0.850 H35H01H04H08H17H18 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group2 BCC 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group3 BCC 0.550 0.700 0.850 Group4 BCC 1.000 H22H25H29 0.550 0.700 0.850 H36H37 0.550 0.700 0.850 H35H01H04H08H17H18 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group2 CCR/BCC 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group3 CCR/BCC 0.550 0.700 0.850 Group4 CCR/BCC 1.000 H22H25H29 0.550 0.700 0.850 1.000 Group1 BCC 1.000 Group1 CCR/BCC H36H37 Result of Cluster Analysis G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model 0.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 H02H05H12H15H21H28H02H05H12H15H21H28H02H05H12H15H21H28 H19H26H27H19H26H27H19H26H27 0.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 H10H14H16H24H09H13H10H14H16H24H09H13H10H14H16H24H09H13 H20H23H20H23H20H23 0.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 H03H38H06H07H11H31H03H38H06H07H11H31H03H38H06H07H11H31 H34H30H32H33H34H30H32H33H34H30H32H33 0.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.400 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Group5 CCRGroup5 BCCGroup5 CCR/BCC 1.000

20 AI=Actual Input, TI=Target Input 0 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 DEA Result CCRBCCCCR/BCC Number of Restaurant sheets Number of Employees Number of Rooms Number of Bar sheets Number of Party sheets RTS = Returns to Scale, I = Increasing, C = constance, D = Decreasing 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Output1 0  CCR, BCC, CCR/BCC  1.000 Unit: 万円 Unit: 室 Unit: 人 Unit: 席 Total Revenue 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Input 1 0 500 1000 1500 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Input 2 0 500 1000 1500 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Input 3 0 250 500 750 1000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Input 4 0 1000 2000 Input 5 3000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 AICCR TIBCC TI 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Revenue RoomF&BPartyOther Unit: 万円 Result of DEA Data The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model RANKING20012002200320042005200620072008 REVENUE 22222222 CCR11111111 BCC11111111 CCR/BCC11111111 RTSCCCCCCCC TOTAL 20012002200320042005200620072008 REVENUE 2788226523259122713926876267282730225736 DEA RESULT 20012002200320042005200620072008 CCR1.000 BCC1.000 CCR/BCC1.000 20012002200320042005200620072008 AI987 988986973 CCR TI987 988986973 BCC TI989987 988986973 20012002200320042005200620072008 AI1203 118211901284126112401050 CCR TI1203 118211901284126112401050 BCC TI12691203118211901284126112401050 20012002200320042005200620072008 AI1297 14201486149814861233 CCR TI1297 14201486149814861233 BCC TI12611297 14201486149814861233 20012002200320042005200620072008 AI686 560561 CCR TI686 560561 BCC TI756686 560561 20012002200320042005200620072008 AI2670 1910 CCR TI2670 1910 BCC TI2670 1910 REVENUE20012002200320042005200620072008 Room41223819357336843523374638943512 F&B78777367704572647108714870036474 Party97959118895789698721831388688384 Other1620315872151841506315408157041619115841

21 RTS = Returns to Scale, I = Increasing, C = constance, D = Decreasing 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 RoomF&BParty Revenue Other Unit: 万円 Result of DEA Data H02 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model RANKING20012002200320042005200620072008 REVENUE 22222222 CCR11111111 BCC11111111 CCR/BCC11111111 RTSCCCCCCCC REVENUE20012002200320042005200620072008 Room41223819357336843523374638943512 F&B78777367704572647108714870036474 Party97959118895789698721831388688384 Other1620315872151841506315408157041619115841

22 Result of DEA Data H37 The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model

23 Conclusion DEA Model Method We set: Input Number of Room Number of Employee Number of Restaurant Seat Number of Bar Seat Output Number of Party seat Total 38 International Tourism Hotels The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels: DEA Model We found: Best DMU H02H05H12H15 H21H28H35 Improvement is required DMU H37 5 types of efficiency groups

24 DEA Model The Performance Evaluation of Japanese Hotels:

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