1. Chapter 14 EU: How did industrialization affect the American economy and social structure?

3. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities => Westward expansion

4. Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1852, 591 miles

5. Erie Canal System 40’ wide, 4’ deep Effects of: Shipping $ down from $100 to $5. Shipping days down from 20 to 6. Land Values up, cities built. Immigrants flooded NW

6. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

7. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat – “Fulton’s Folly” 1807: The Clermont Made rivers 2-way arteries. By 1860 – 1000 ships

8. Principal Canals in 1840

9. Clipper Ships Fast, but small. Taken over by British “Teakettles”

10. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.] More RR in North, than South. Served to “isolate” the South. Could get from NY to Chicago in 2 days (3 weeks by canal) Opposition came from investors in canals. Dangerous, no schedule, various gauges.

11. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

13. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

14. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Increased the demand for slave labor b/c could harvest cotton more efficiently for a higher profit

15. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle (1798)

16. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837) Could cut through the thick prairie sod on the Great Plains frontier

17. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 Makes the harvest much faster & less labor-intensive

18. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

19. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

20. z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. z “Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” - Emerson The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

22. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) – upheld contracts (Georgia land contracts) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) NH tried to revoke land grant of Dartmouth College *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) – Federal over state laws *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) – Congressional power to regulate commerce *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1837) – rights to build a bridge (states v federal) Taney Court – J. Marshall died in 1835 General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  Gov’t is “hands-off” in economy.

23. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

24. New England Rules Supreme No large-scale farming due to soilNo large-scale farming due to soil Population = labor force + a market to sellPopulation = labor force + a market to sell $$$ from shipping$$$ from shipping Seaports = easy tradeSeaports = easy trade Rivers to run factoriesRivers to run factories

25. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Slater’s Textile Mills

26. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

27. Lowell Mill The Lowell mills employed young, unmarried girls from nearby farm families

28. New England Dominance in Textiles

29. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

30. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

31. American Population Centers in 1820

32. American Population Centers in 1860

33. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now? 1840’s potato famine – 2 million died. Stayed on seacoast, too poor to move.

34. Know-Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know-Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” “Nativist” party wanting immigration restrictions and naturalization laws strengthened. Catholics could not hold office, literacy tests to vote. Became “American Party”

35. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

36. Chapter 14 Assignment Due AT END OF CLASS!Due AT END OF CLASS! You may work with ONE person.You may work with ONE person. Counts as a “homework” gradeCounts as a “homework” grade For the following assignment please focus on the EFFECTS of the innovations and progress of the time period relative to long-term effects and SIGNIFICANCE.For the following assignment please focus on the EFFECTS of the innovations and progress of the time period relative to long-term effects and SIGNIFICANCE.

37. ACROSTIC Using the term “market revolution” create an acrostic.Using the term “market revolution” create an acrostic. –Each letter should represent a SIGNIFICANT idea of EFFECT from the time period –Each letter should be a single word. –Each word should reflect careful thought – NOT “M = mechanization” (too easy!) –Each word should have a small picture next to it. –Please complete the assignment on the paper provided.