1. The Northern Renaissance The Spread of Humanism

2. Printing Press (c. 1456) Johann Gutenberg – spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe. Johann Gutenberg – spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe. By 1480, 380 printing presses in Europe (1000 by 1500) By 1480, 380 printing presses in Europe (1000 by 1500)

3. Christian Humanism Attempted to find a balance between religious and secular concerns Attempted to find a balance between religious and secular concerns Rejected the “otherworldliness” of the Middle Ages. Rejected the “otherworldliness” of the Middle Ages. Emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society. Emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society.

4. Christian Humanist Writers Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466- 1536) – In Praise of Folly; most famous intellectual of his times, criticized the church: “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched” Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466- 1536) – In Praise of Folly; most famous intellectual of his times, criticized the church: “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”

5. Christian Humanist Writers Thomas More (1478-1536) – Utopia – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights Thomas More (1478-1536) – Utopia – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights

6. Christian Humanist Writers Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536): leading French humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative Bible. Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536): leading French humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative Bible. Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436- 1517): reformed Spanish clergy and church, Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436- 1517): reformed Spanish clergy and church, Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition

7. Northern Renaissance Arts Low Countries (Dutch Republic, Flanders and parts of Germany, etc) produced especially important artists. Low Countries (Dutch Republic, Flanders and parts of Germany, etc) produced especially important artists. Jan and Hubert Van Eyck Jan and Hubert Van Eyck First successful use of oil painting First successful use of oil painting Worked mainly in Ghent, Belgium. Worked mainly in Ghent, Belgium.

8. Jan Van Eyck- Adoration of the Lamb

9. Jan Van Eyck – Arnolfini Marriage

10. Peter Brueghel (1520-1569) Focused on lives of ordinary people. Focused on lives of ordinary people. Painted great landscapes Painted great landscapes Also worked on religious subjects Also worked on religious subjects Completed most of his work in Antwerp and Brussels Completed most of his work in Antwerp and Brussels

11. Peter Brueghel – Peasant Wedding

12. Peter Brueghel – The Tower of Babel

13. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) German – foremost northern Renaissance artist German – foremost northern Renaissance artist Famous for woodcuts and engravings. Famous for woodcuts and engravings. Paintings include a number of self protraits Paintings include a number of self protraits

14. Albrecht Durer – The Last Supper

15. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497- 1543) Son of Gothic artist. Son of Gothic artist. German painter who studied in Italy German painter who studied in Italy Painted portraits of Erasmus, Thomas More, King Henry VIII, his wives, and Mary Tudor Painted portraits of Erasmus, Thomas More, King Henry VIII, his wives, and Mary Tudor

16. Hans Holbein – The Ambassadors

17. Hans Holbein – Henry VIII

18. Domenikos El Greco (1541-1614): painter: mannerism

19. Vernacular Writers France France Francois Rabelais’ (1494-1553) Gargantua and Pantagruel Francois Rabelais’ (1494-1553) Gargantua and Pantagruel Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) Essays relativist in religion and morality Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) Essays relativist in religion and morality

20. Vernacular Writers England England Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare William Shakespeare Ben Jonson Ben Jonson

21. Vernacular Writers Spain Spain Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Felix Lope de Vega Felix Lope de Vega