1. Growing Division and Reform Chapter 2.2

2. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward. This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward.

3. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.

4. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate. Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate.

5. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

6. The Resurgence of Sectionalism An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s border. An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s border. Henry Clay steered the compromise, and the House of Representatives accepted it. Henry Clay steered the compromise, and the House of Representatives accepted it.

7. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Four Republican candidates ran for president in 1824, indicating the strong sectionalism within the Republican Party. Four Republican candidates ran for president in 1824, indicating the strong sectionalism within the Republican Party. John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun Henry Clay Henry Clay

8. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College. The election went to the House of Representatives to select the president from the three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes. The election went to the House of Representatives to select the president from the three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes.

9. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Henry Clay was eliminated, so he threw his support to John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay was eliminated, so he threw his support to John Quincy Adams. John Q. Adams won the House vote. (1825) John Q. Adams won the House vote. (1825)

10. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain,” in which Clay was accused of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state. Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain,” in which Clay was accused of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.

11. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Jackson and his supporters took the name Democratic Republicans, later shortened to Democrats. Jackson and his supporters took the name Democratic Republicans, later shortened to Democrats. Adams and his followers became known as the National Republicans. Adams and his followers became known as the National Republicans.

12. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In the early 1800s, many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting. In the early 1800s, many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting. As a result, hundreds of thousands of white males gained the right to vote. As a result, hundreds of thousands of white males gained the right to vote.

13. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The presidential candidates for the election of 1828 were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. The presidential candidates for the election of 1828 were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. The candidates resorted to mudslinging, criticizing each other’s personalities and morals. The candidates resorted to mudslinging, criticizing each other’s personalities and morals.

14. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Jackson won the election of 1828. Jackson won the election of 1828. Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interest. Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interest.

15. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson believed in the participation of the average citizen in government. President Jackson believed in the participation of the average citizen in government. He supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support. He supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support.

16. The Resurgence of Sectionalism He believed that this practice extended democracy and opened up the government to average citizens. He believed that this practice extended democracy and opened up the government to average citizens.

17. The Resurgence of Sectionalism To make the political system more democratic, President Jackson supported a new say in which presidential candidates where chosen. To make the political system more democratic, President Jackson supported a new say in which presidential candidates where chosen. At that time, they were chosen through a closed meeting, or caucus, in which congressional party members would choose the nominee. At that time, they were chosen through a closed meeting, or caucus, in which congressional party members would choose the nominee.

18. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Under this system, delegates from the states met at conventions to choose the party’s presidential nominee. Under this system, delegates from the states met at conventions to choose the party’s presidential nominee.

19. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In the early 1800s, South Carolina’s economy was weakening, and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs. In the early 1800s, South Carolina’s economy was weakening, and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs. South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from England, and the high tariffs made these goods expensive. South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from England, and the high tariffs made these goods expensive.

20. The Resurgence of Sectionalism When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828 (called the “Tariff of Abominations” by critics) South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw from the Union. When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828 (called the “Tariff of Abominations” by critics) South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw from the Union.

21. The Resurgence of Sectionalism John C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice president, was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians. John C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice president, was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians. Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification. Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification.

22. The Resurgence of Sectionalism This idea argued that because states had not created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid. This idea argued that because states had not created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid.

23. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The issue of nullification erupted again in 1830 in a debate between Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts on the Senate floor. The issue of nullification erupted again in 1830 in a debate between Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts on the Senate floor. Hayne defended states’ rights, while Webster defended the Union. Hayne defended states’ rights, while Webster defended the Union.

24. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson defended the Union. President Jackson defended the Union. After Congress passed another tariff law in 1832, South Carolina called a special convention that declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional. After Congress passed another tariff law in 1832, South Carolina called a special convention that declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional.

25. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Jackson considered the declaration an act of treason. Jackson considered the declaration an act of treason. After Senator Henry Clay pushed through a bill that would lower tariffs gradually until 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law. After Senator Henry Clay pushed through a bill that would lower tariffs gradually until 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law.

26. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Slavery remained a divisive issue. Slavery remained a divisive issue. However, Jackson largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native Americans. However, Jackson largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native Americans.

27. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white settlers. President Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white settlers.

28. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which helped the states relocate the Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River. In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which helped the states relocate the Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River.

29. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Cherokee in Georgia fought the Indian Removal Act by appealing to the Supreme Court. The Cherokee in Georgia fought the Indian Removal Act by appealing to the Supreme Court.

30. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall supported the Cherokees’ right to control their land. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall supported the Cherokees’ right to control their land. President Jackson refused to support the decision. President Jackson refused to support the decision.

31. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In 1838 Jackson’s successor, Martin Van Buren, sent in an army to force the remaining Cherokee out of Georgia. In 1838 Jackson’s successor, Martin Van Buren, sent in an army to force the remaining Cherokee out of Georgia.

32. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey that became known as the Trail of Tears. Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey that became known as the Trail of Tears.

33. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Although most Americans supported the removal policy, some members of Congress and a few religious denominations condemned it. Although most Americans supported the removal policy, some members of Congress and a few religious denominations condemned it.

34. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Andrew Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States, regarding it as a benefit to the wealthy. President Andrew Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States, regarding it as a benefit to the wealthy.

35. The Resurgence of Sectionalism At the time, the Bank was instrumental in keeping the nation’s money supply stable. At the time, the Bank was instrumental in keeping the nation’s money supply stable.

36. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Many Western settlers who needed easy credit opposed the Bank’s policies. Many Western settlers who needed easy credit opposed the Bank’s policies. President Jackson believed the Bank was unconstitutional, even though the Supreme Court ruled otherwise. President Jackson believed the Bank was unconstitutional, even though the Supreme Court ruled otherwise.

37. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson vetoed a bill that would extend the charter of the Bank for another 20 years. President Jackson vetoed a bill that would extend the charter of the Bank for another 20 years. During the 1832 presidential election President Jackson opposed the Bank. During the 1832 presidential election President Jackson opposed the Bank. He removed the government’s deposits from the Bank, forcing it to call in its loans and stop lending. He removed the government’s deposits from the Bank, forcing it to call in its loans and stop lending.

38. The Resurgence of Sectionalism By the mid-1830s, a new political party called the Whigs formed to oppose President Jackson. By the mid-1830s, a new political party called the Whigs formed to oppose President Jackson. Many members were former National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart. Many members were former National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart.

39. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Unlike Jackson’s Democrats, Whigs advocated expanding the federal government and encouraging commercial development. Unlike Jackson’s Democrats, Whigs advocated expanding the federal government and encouraging commercial development.

40. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Whigs could not settle on one presidential candidate in the 1836 election. The Whigs could not settle on one presidential candidate in the 1836 election. As a result, they ran three candidates. As a result, they ran three candidates. Jackson’s popularity and the nation’s continued economic prosperity helped Democrat Martin Van Buren win. Jackson’s popularity and the nation’s continued economic prosperity helped Democrat Martin Van Buren win.

41. The Resurgence of Sectionalism However, shortly after Van Buren took office, the country experienced an economic crisis, known as the Panic of 1837. However, shortly after Van Buren took office, the country experienced an economic crisis, known as the Panic of 1837.

42. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Thousands of farmers lost their land in foreclosures, and unemployment soared. Thousands of farmers lost their land in foreclosures, and unemployment soared.

43. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Whigs saw the economic crisis as an opportunity to defeat the Democrats. The Whigs saw the economic crisis as an opportunity to defeat the Democrats. In the 1840 election they nominated General William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler, a former Democrat, for vice president. In the 1840 election they nominated General William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler, a former Democrat, for vice president.

44. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Whig candidate defeated Van Buren. The Whig candidate defeated Van Buren. However, Harrison died one month after his inauguration, and Tyler then succeeded to the presidency. However, Harrison died one month after his inauguration, and Tyler then succeeded to the presidency.

45. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Tyler actually opposed many Whig policies and sided with the Democrats on issues such as refusing to support a new national bank or a higher tariff. Tyler actually opposed many Whig policies and sided with the Democrats on issues such as refusing to support a new national bank or a higher tariff.

46. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Tyler did establish a firm boundary between the United States and Canada in the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty. President Tyler did establish a firm boundary between the United States and Canada in the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty.

47. The Resurgence of Sectionalism What issue helped the Whig candidate win the presidency in 1840? What issue helped the Whig candidate win the presidency in 1840? The economic crisis of 1837. (The Panic of 1837) The economic crisis of 1837. (The Panic of 1837)

48. The Reform Spirit In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to reform various aspects of society. In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to reform various aspects of society. Dorothea Dix worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill. Dorothea Dix worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill.

49. The Reform Spirit Religious leaders organized to revive the nation’s commitment to religion in a movement known as the Second Great Awakening. Religious leaders organized to revive the nation’s commitment to religion in a movement known as the Second Great Awakening.

50. The Reform Spirit An important advocate of this movement was Charles G. Finney, who helped found modern revivalism. An important advocate of this movement was Charles G. Finney, who helped found modern revivalism.

51. The Reform Spirit A number of new religious denominations emerged from the new religious revival. A number of new religious denominations emerged from the new religious revival. These included the Unitarians and the Universalists. These included the Unitarians and the Universalists.

52. The Reform Spirit Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus of Latter-day Saints, whose followers are known as Mormons. Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus of Latter-day Saints, whose followers are known as Mormons.

53. The Reform Spirit After being harassed, the Mormons moved to Illinois. After being harassed, the Mormons moved to Illinois. After the murder of Joseph Smith and continued persecution, the Mormons settled in Utah. After the murder of Joseph Smith and continued persecution, the Mormons settled in Utah.

54. The Reform Spirit Lyman Beecher was instrumental in establishing associations known as benevolent societies. Lyman Beecher was instrumental in establishing associations known as benevolent societies.

55. The Reform Spirit Although they were first begun to spread God’s teaching, these societies also sought to combat social problems. Although they were first begun to spread God’s teaching, these societies also sought to combat social problems. Women were particularly active in the revivalist movement, and became extremely active in the religious based groups. Women were particularly active in the revivalist movement, and became extremely active in the religious based groups.

56. The Reform Spirit Many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and poverty. Many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and poverty. These reformers advocated temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. These reformers advocated temperance, or abstinence from alcohol.

57. The Reform Spirit Several temperance groups jointed together in 1833 to form the American Temperance Union. Several temperance groups jointed together in 1833 to form the American Temperance Union. Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor. Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor.

58. The Reform Spirit Some reformers focused on improving prison conditions in the nation. Some reformers focused on improving prison conditions in the nation. Others advocated for better schools. Others advocated for better schools.

59. The Reform Spirit In the 1800s men generally went to work, while women took care of the house and children. In the 1800s men generally went to work, while women took care of the house and children. Most people at that time believed that home was the proper place for women. Most people at that time believed that home was the proper place for women. Many women saw themselves as partners with their husbands. Many women saw themselves as partners with their husbands.

60. The Reform Spirit Many women began to believe that they had an important role to improve society. Many women began to believe that they had an important role to improve society. Some began to argue that they needed greater rights to promote their roles. Some began to argue that they needed greater rights to promote their roles.

61. The Reform Spirit Other women also argued that equal rights for men and women would end many social injustices. Other women also argued that equal rights for men and women would end many social injustices.

62. The Reform Spirit In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women and one that marked the beginning of the women's movement. In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women and one that marked the beginning of the women's movement.

63. The Reform Spirit The statement they distributed, the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, called attention to their cause. The statement they distributed, the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, called attention to their cause.

64. The Reform Spirit Throughout the 1850s, women organized more conventions to promote greater rights for women. Throughout the 1850s, women organized more conventions to promote greater rights for women.

65. The Reform Spirit The movement calling for abolition, or immediate end to slavery, polarized the nation and contributed to the Civil War. The movement calling for abolition, or immediate end to slavery, polarized the nation and contributed to the Civil War.

66. The Reform Spirit Many Americans had opposed slavery, and there had been opposition to slavery since the Revolutionary War. Many Americans had opposed slavery, and there had been opposition to slavery since the Revolutionary War.

67. The Reform Spirit Some antislavery societies believed that the best solution was to send African Americans back to Africa. Some antislavery societies believed that the best solution was to send African Americans back to Africa. Some societies formed the American Colonization Society (ACS) to move African Americans to Africa. Some societies formed the American Colonization Society (ACS) to move African Americans to Africa.

68. The Reform Spirit The ACS acquired land in West Africa, chartered ships, and moved some free African Americans to a colony in West Africa that eventually became the nation of Liberia. The ACS acquired land in West Africa, chartered ships, and moved some free African Americans to a colony in West Africa that eventually became the nation of Liberia.

69. The Reform Spirit Colonization was not a realistic solution. Colonization was not a realistic solution. Also, most African Americans regarded the United States as their home and had no desire to migrate to another continent. Also, most African Americans regarded the United States as their home and had no desire to migrate to another continent.

70. The Reform Spirit In the 1830s, the development of a large national abolitionist movement was largely due to the work of William Lloyd Garrison. In the 1830s, the development of a large national abolitionist movement was largely due to the work of William Lloyd Garrison.

71. The Reform Spirit He founded The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper. He founded The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper.

72. The Reform Spirit With an increasing following, he founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. With an increasing following, he founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. He called for emancipation, or freeing, of enslaved persons. He called for emancipation, or freeing, of enslaved persons.

73. The Reform Spirit Free African Americans also played a prominent role in the abolitionist movement. Free African Americans also played a prominent role in the abolitionist movement.

74. The Reform Spirit The most prominent was Frederick Douglass, who published his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star. The most prominent was Frederick Douglass, who published his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star.

75. The Reform Spirit Sojourner Truth was another important African American abolitionist. Sojourner Truth was another important African American abolitionist.

76. The Reform Spirit Many Northerners, even those who disapproved of slavery, opposed abolitionism, viewing it as a threat to the existing social system. Many Northerners, even those who disapproved of slavery, opposed abolitionism, viewing it as a threat to the existing social system. Many warned that it would produce conflict between the North and South. Many warned that it would produce conflict between the North and South.

77. The Reform Spirit Others feared a possible huge influx of African Americans to the North. Others feared a possible huge influx of African Americans to the North. Still others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy, and thereby affect their own economy. Still others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy, and thereby affect their own economy.

78. The Reform Spirit Most Southerners viewed slavery as essential to their economy, and therefore opposed abolition. Most Southerners viewed slavery as essential to their economy, and therefore opposed abolition. Some defended slavery by claiming that most enslaved people had no desire for freedom because they benefited from their relationship with slaveholders. Some defended slavery by claiming that most enslaved people had no desire for freedom because they benefited from their relationship with slaveholders.

79. The Reform Spirit In 1831 a revolt by enslaved people killed more than 50 white Virginians. In 1831 a revolt by enslaved people killed more than 50 white Virginians. Southerners demanded the suppression of all abolitionist publications. Southerners demanded the suppression of all abolitionist publications.

80. The Reform Spirit Southern postal workers refused to deliver such publications, and the House of Representatives, under pressure from the South, shelved all abolitionist petitions. Southern postal workers refused to deliver such publications, and the House of Representatives, under pressure from the South, shelved all abolitionist petitions.

81. The Reform Spirit The North-South split continued to widen. The North-South split continued to widen.

82. The Reform Spirit What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement? What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement? Many Northerners opposed abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy. Many Northerners opposed abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy.