2. Tissues Groups of cells performing similar functions Groups of cells performing similar functions Grouped by cells and matrix Grouped by cells and matrix Structure determines function and function determines location Structure determines function and function determines location Four types Four types Histology - study of tissues Histology - study of tissues

3. FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES http://streaming.factsonfile.com/Porta lPlaylists.aspx?aid=16269&xtid=44015& loid=110764 http://streaming.factsonfile.com/Porta lPlaylists.aspx?aid=16269&xtid=44015& loid=110764 http://streaming.factsonfile.com/Porta lPlaylists.aspx?aid=16269&xtid=44015& loid=110764 http://streaming.factsonfile.com/Porta lPlaylists.aspx?aid=16269&xtid=44015& loid=110764

4. Epithelial tissue More cells than matrix Covers external body surfaces - some internal organs Line body cavities Some permeable

5. Epithelial tissue some secrete and absorb Makes up sense organs Make up glands Basement membrane present Avascular

6. Grouped by cell shape Squamous Squamous Cuboidal Cuboidal Columnar Columnar

7. Grouped by layering Simple is one layer Simple is one layer Stratified--more than one layer Stratified--more than one layer

8. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar False layering False layering nuclei at various depths within the cells nuclei at various depths within the cells Contain goblet cells Contain goblet cells Found in upper respiratory tract Found in upper respiratory tract

9. Transitional Can be stretched – changes from cuboidal to squamous Found in urinary bladder

10. Intercellular connections Contain CAM (cell adhesion molecules Tight junctions: protect (spot) Belt desmosomes: permeability Gap junctions: communication

11. Endocrine glands Secrete inside Inside blood

12. Exocrine glands Secrete out to ducts (tubes)

13. Connective Tissue Grouped by cell type, matrix & fibers present most abundant bind & support Store & transport Defense highly vascular –(Except Cartilage = Avascular)

14. Connective Tissue Cell types: immune, bone, cartilage, fat & blood Fiber types: elastic, reticular, & collagen Matrix types: liquid, more dense than liquid, almost solid, solid

15. Connective Tissue WBC’s, fibroblasts

16. Loose Connective Large intercellular space Large intercellular space Most abundant Most abundant Around & cushions organs Around & cushions organs Ex: Areolar, Adipose Ex: Areolar, Adipose

17. Dense Connective Fiber arrangement determines type Ex: Fibers parallel in fashion are – Tendons, ligaments

18. Osseous (bone) tissue Dense connective Dense connective More matrix than cells More matrix than cells Hardened fibers Hardened fibers Cells and blood vessels in special arrangement Cells and blood vessels in special arrangement

19. Cartilage Type of dense connective tissue 3 types – Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage Only connective tissue that is avascular

20. Blood (Vascular) tissue Liquid connective tissue Liquid connective tissue Matrix is liquid (plasma) Matrix is liquid (plasma) Cells known as formed elements Cells known as formed elements Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

21. Muscle Tissue muscle cells called muscle fibers muscle cells called muscle fibers Three Types of Muscle Tissue: Three Types of Muscle Tissue: – Skeletal - Cardiac - Smooth

22. Neural Tissue Neurons – nerve cells Neuroglia – support cells

23. Membranes Mucous Membranes Mucous Membranes –lines structures that open to outside Serous Membranes Serous Membranes –surrounds organs and lines body cavities with no opening to outside Synovial Membrane Synovial Membrane - lines cavities of freely movable joints - lines cavities of freely movable joints Cutaneous Membrane = Skin Cutaneous Membrane = Skin

24. The INTEGUMENTARY System

25. Skin Largest organ Largest organ FYI: About six pounds on average per person FYI: About six pounds on average per person 3 layers 3 layers

26. Functions of the Skin Protection Regulation of Body Temperature Reception of Stimuli Excretion Synthesis of Vitamin D Immunological Function

27. EPIDERMIS

28. Dermis True skin True skin Blood vessels Blood vessels Nerves Nerves Hair follicles Hair follicles Sudoriferous glands (sweat) Sudoriferous glands (sweat) Sebaceous glands (oil) Sebaceous glands (oil) Ceruminous glands Ceruminous glands

29. Hypodermis Contains fat cells Contains fat cells Has deep nerve endings that detect pressure Has deep nerve endings that detect pressure Blood vessels Blood vessels

30. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) secrete sweat – regulates body temperature - evaporation Eliminates some waste products Two types of sweat glands: – Apocrine Glands- Eccrine Glands

31. Apocrine Sweat Glands FYI skin of axilla, pubic region, pigmented areas of the body skin of axilla, pubic region, pigmented areas of the body Secrete thickened sweat that promotes the growth of bacteria Secrete thickened sweat that promotes the growth of bacteria Active during periods of emotional stress Active during periods of emotional stress

32. Eccrine Sweat Glands FYI Distributed throughout the body Distributed throughout the body Secrete watery sweat to lower temp Secrete watery sweat to lower temp Density can be as high as 3000 per square inch in palms of the hands Density can be as high as 3000 per square inch in palms of the hands

33. Sebaceous Glands Oil glands next to hair follicles Secrete oily substance – sebum (FYI: mixture of fats, cholesterol, protein and inorganic salts Keeps hair from drying out & becoming brittle Keeps skin soft & pliable Inhibits growth of certain bacteria

34. Hair (Pili) Grows from epidermis function is protection – guards the scalp from injury and sunlight – eyebrows - eyelashes protect the eye – ears and nostrils keep out foreign objects Helps regulate body temperature Touch receptors with hair follicles

35. Nails Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis covering over the dorsal ends of digits Provides protection Helps to grasp and manipulate small objects

36. Portions of Nails Nail Body - portion of nail visible FYI: – Free Edge - extends beyond the digits – Root - hidden in proximal nail groove – Lunula - whitish semilunar area at proximal end of the nail body Eponychium - Cuticle Nail Matrix - epithelium at proximal end FYI: – mitosis and nail growth from this area – grows at a rate of about 1 mm per week

37. THE END!!

38. Decubitous Ulcers bed sores - pressure sores bed sores - pressure sores lesion caused by prolonged pressure resulting in blood deficiency to a tissue overlying a bony projection lesion caused by prolonged pressure resulting in blood deficiency to a tissue overlying a bony projection seen most frequently in individuals bedridden for prolonged periods of time seen most frequently in individuals bedridden for prolonged periods of time

39. Nail Structure

40. Hair Color Due to amount of melanin in the cells of the hair shaft Due to amount of melanin in the cells of the hair shaft Can accumulate air bubbles in the hair shaft which causes hair to turn gray or white Can accumulate air bubbles in the hair shaft which causes hair to turn gray or white

41. Hair Structures

42. Skin and Its Structures