1. Ectomycorrhiza Inside root Intercellular hyphae Does not enter cells Outside root Thick layer of hyphae around root Fungal sheath Lateral roots become stunted Hyphae Mass about equal to root mass Forms extensive network of hyphae even connecting different plants

2. Ectomycorrhizal root tip

3. Mantle Hyphae Hartig Net

5. Why mycorrhiza? Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores

6. Why mycorrhiza? Root hair Smallest hyphae Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores Hyphae is 1/10 th diameter of root hair Increased surface area Surface area/volume of a cylinder: SA/vol ≈ 2/radius

7. Inoculated with mycorrhizae Not inoculated with mycorrhizae Why mycorrhiza? Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores Hyphae is 1/10 th of root hair Increased surface area Extension beyond depletion zone

8. Why mycorrhiza? Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores Hyphae is 1/10 th of root hair Increased surface area Extension beyond depletion zone Breakdown of organic matter and transfer of its N to host plant. C – C – NH 2 --> C – C + NH 3

9. Are mycorrhizae always beneficial? Probably not!! MutualisticNeutralParasitic Mycorrhizal interaction continuum (Nancy Johnson & Co) What conditions influence where on the continuum a given interaction falls?

10. Mycorrhizal response (MR) of various plant species at ambient and elevated CO 2. MR > 0 means better growth with AM than without AM MR < 0 means better growth without AM than with AM

11. Agropyron repens - Nitrogen + Nitrogen Plant growth is reduced by a full soil community that includes mycorrhizal fungi (filled bars) compared to the partial community (open bars). Added N significantly reduces the stunting of plant growth by the full soil community. Total plant mass, g Full Partial Full Partial Full Partial Full Partial Soil Community Are soil organisms competing with plants for nitrogen?

12. Summary on mycorrhizae Symbiosis with mycorrhiza allows greater soil exploration, and increases uptake of nutrients (P, Zn, Cu, N, water) Mycorrhiza gets carbon from plant Great SA per mass for hyphae vs. roots Not all mycorrhizal associations benefit the plant! Two main groups of mycorrhiza – Ectomycorrhiza and VA-mycorrhiza

13. For us more on nitrogen nutrition Why is N so important for plant growth? What percentage of the mass of plant tissues is N? What kinds of compounds is N found in? Why is there a strong relationship between the N concentration of leaves and photosynthesis?

14. Nitrogen - the most limiting soil nutrient Evidence - factorial fertilization experiments (N, P, K, etc.) show largest growth response to N. 1.Required in greatest amount of all soil nutrients 2. A component of proteins (enzymes, structural proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic acids) 3. The primary photosynthetic enzyme, Rubisco, accounts for a 25 to 50% of leaf N. Photosynthetic capacity is strongly correlated with leaf N concentration. 4. Availability in most soils is low 5. Plants spend a lot of energy on N acquisition - growing roots, supporting symbionts, uptake into roots, biochemical assimilation into amino acids, etc.

15. The inorganic forms of nitrogen in soils. 1.NH 4 +, ammonium ion. A cation that is bound to clays. 2.NO 3 -, nitrate ion. An anion that is not bound to clays. Nutrient “mobility” in soils refers to the rate of diffusion, which is influenced by nutrient ion interactions with soil particles. Would you expect NH 4 + or NO 3 - to diffuse more rapidly? Would you expect a more pronounced depletion zone for NH 4 + or NO 3 - ?

16. The Nitrogen Cycle

17. Solute Transport (Ch. 6) 1. The need for specialized membrane transport systems. 2. Passive vs. Active Transport 3. Membrane Transport Mechanisms

18. Fig. 1.4 Why the need for specialized transport systems?

19. Fig. 1.5A

20. Fig. 6.6 That the permeability of biological membranes differs from that of a simple phospholipid bilayer indicates that transporters are involved.

21. Passive vs. Active Transport Passive transport requires no energy input,  G < 0 Active transport requires energy,  G > 0 Whether active or passive transport is required is determined by the chemical potential of a solute on either side of a membrane. We can use the  G concept to understand the chemical potential. Hydrostatic

22. Chemical potential difference 1.Concentration component 2.3 RT log (C j i /C j o ) What is the concentration influence on where the solute will tend to move spontaneously? 2. Electrical component z j FE What is the electrical influence on where the solute will tend to move spontaneously?

23. Movement along electrical and concentration gradients (from Lecture 3)  G = zF  E m + 2.3 RT log(C 2 /C 1 ) At equilibrium (  G = 0) can rearrange this as:  E m = -2.3(RT/zF) log(C 2 /C 1 )

24. Nernst potential The difference in electrical potential (voltage) between two compartments at equilibrium with respect to a given solute. The membrane electrical potential at which the concentration and electrical influences on a solute’s movement are exactly balanced, so there is no net movement.  E j = 2.3RT (log C j o /C j i ) z j F At equilibrium, the difference in concentration of an ion between two compartments is balanced by the voltage difference between the compartments.

25. CjoCjo CjiCji

26. Plasmamembrane and the tonoplast are sites of much ion transport. Fig. 6.4

27. Maintenance of cell membrane potential requires energy produced by respiratory metabolism

28. Fig. 6.7

29. Fig. 6.8

30. Fig. 6.9 Transport of a solute against its concentration gradient can occur by coupling it to proton transport with its concentration gradient.