1. AP Physics Chapter 1: Measurement

2. Intro to Physics Classical Physics- – Mechanics (Newton) – Thermodynamics (Watt/Carnot/Diesel) – Optics (Huygens/Young/Fresnel) – Electricity and Magnetism (Maxwell) – Solid understanding Prior to 1900’s

3. Intro Modern Physics – Late 1800’s – Discoveries made that cannot be explained by theories of Classical Physics – Relativity (motion at/near c) [Einstein] – Quantum Mechanics (atomic structure/behavior) [Bohr, Heisenberg, deBroglie, Schrodinger etc) – Onset of the Nuclear Age

4. Intro Where are we now? – Unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics (macroscopic)(microscopic) GUT/TOE – Current Research/Theories- Higgs-Boson: early indications that it does in fact exist – Statistical Probability of approximately “5 sigma” Non-zero Mass Neutrinos String Theory (M-Theory) multidimensional (11)

5. 1.1 Standards of Measurement Standardized System of Measurement allows collaboration/repetition/verifcation Basic Quantities- (Mechanics) LengthMassTime Derived Quantities- Combinations of basics Ex: Force = mass x length/time 2

6. 1.1 Standards- International System of Units (Le Systeme International d’unites- SI) – LengthMeter (m) Distance light travels in 1/299792458 th sec

7. 1.1 – MassInternational Standard Kilogram (Kg) Kg Standard Platinum-Iridium Alloy Cylinder Height = Diameter (39.17 mm) minimizes surface area Incredibly low Reactivity Held at IBWM, Sevres France Copies Distributed to other Nations (US held at NIST)

8. 1.1 – Timesecond (s) Cesium-133 Atomic Fountain Clock 1 second based on resonant frequency of 9,192,631,770 radiation oscillations (periods of vibration). Will not gain/lose a second in 100 million years.

9. 1.1 Metric Prefixes See Table 1.4 (page 7) KNOW 10 -9 - 10 9 (reference for others) Scientific Notation Generally used for numbers smaller/larger than 10 -3 - 10 3

11. 1.2 Modeling Models- THEORY used to account for observed phenomenon/make reliable predictions Ex: Theory of Matter Matter-> Atom -> Sub-atomic particles-> Quarks-> Strings?

12. 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass Density- Mass per unit volume (length 3 ) – (rho) units: kg/m 3 g/cm 3 – Atomic Mass- single atom expressed in AMU (1 u = 1.660 538 7 x 10 -7 kg) Remember : – 1 mole = 6.02x10 23 atoms – Molar Mass = Atomic Mass in grams Solve Example 1.1 Page 10

13. 1.4 Dimensional Analysis Dimension- Physical Nature of a Quantity Length (L) Mass (M) Time (T) Area (L 2 ) Volume (L 3 ) Speed (L/T) Accel (L/T 2 ) Deriving/Verifying Expressions- Dimensions treated as algebraic quantities, same on both sides of expression. Only add/subtract like dimensions.

14. 1.4 Try a couple

15. 1.5 Converting Units Different Standards within a given dimension. Ex: 1 mi = 1609 m Units are also treated as algebraic quantities. Ex: Convert 5’ 10” -> m

16. 1.6 Estimates and Order of Magnitude Quick Estimates when an exact answer is not needed. – Order of Magnitude (nearest power of 10) Ex: 0.0082 ->.01 -> 10 -2 Ex: 365 -> 400 -> 4x10 2 Up/Down work out Try Estimating: – Steps across the US – Breaths in a lifetime

17. 1.7 Significant Figures and Uncertainty Significant Figures – Measurement Precision Measurements Estimated between smallest marking Ex: 20.25 cm ± 0.03 cm – Problem Solving Generally Keep the fewest number of S.F. given Usually 3

18. 1.7 Uncertainty Calculations – 2 Methods Treat Measurement and Uncertainty like a Binomial to calculate. Ex: Find the area of 10.0 m ± 0.1 m by 5.0 m ± 0.1 m

19. 1.7 Or Add the two fractional (%) uncertainties. Same Example Problems – Black# = Straightforward – Blue# = Intermediate – Pink# = Challenging – Box# = Full Solution in Study Guide (See me) – WWW = Resources/coaching at www.pse6.com **www.pse6.com

20. HW 4, 9, 11, 12, 20, 22, 31, 49, 55, 61