1. Vertebrates

2. Characteristics of Vertebrates
Vertebrates have a vertebral column and specialized cells that develop from the nerve cord.
The vertebral column, or spinal column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates.
Classes of vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

3. Vertebral Column
A vertebral column made of cartilage or bone surrounds and protects the dorsal nerve cord.
The vertebral column functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming or running.

4. Neural Crest
A neural crest is a group of cells that develop from the nerve cord in vertebrates.
Portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs, and some nerve fibers are some of the structures that develop from the neural crest.

5. Examples
Jawless (eels), cartilagenous (sharks & rays), bony (goldfish, perch)
Habitat
Water Warm & cold areas
Integument (covering)
Scales, mucus
Respiratory System
gills
Circulatory System
2 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)- absorb heat from surroundings
Reproductive Fertilization & Embryo Development
External
Large # of eggs laid in water
Special Adaptations
Swim bladder (depth in water)
Gills, fins, lateral line
Fish

6. Fish Jawless Fish (lampreys) Bony (goldfish, perch)
Cartilagenous (sharks, rays)

7. Amphibians Examples Frogs, toads, salamanders, legless Habitat
Freshwater, close to water, mostly warm areas
Integument (covering)
Moist skin
Respiratory System
Moist membranes, gills in larvae, lungs in adult
Circulatory System
3 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation
Ectothermic
Reproductive Fertilization & Embryo Development
External, large # of eggs laid in water, metamorphosis
Special Adaptations
Lungs, webbed feet, bridge b/w land & water animals
Amphibians

8. Amphibians

9. Characteristics of Amphibians
Thin, moist skin
4 legs (except for the apoda)
No claws on their toes
Most live on land as adults
Require water for reproduction
Fertilization is usually external
Water is needed to transport sperm so eggs are usually laid in water
No protective membranes or shells on their eggs

10. Differences between a Frog and Toad
Generally have smooth, moist skin
Longer hind legs (for swimming and leaping)
Webbed hind feet
Lay eggs in a clump that is a cloudy, jellylike mass
Toad
Generally have warty, dry skin
Shorter hind legs (for walking rather than marathon hopping)
More terrestrial
Lay eggs in stringy chains

11. Reptiles Examples Snakes, lizards, turtles, gators/crocs Habitat
Landoften dry, mostly warm
Integument (covering)
Scales, shells
Respiratory System
Well-developed lungs
Circulatory System
3 chamber heart
4 chamber heart (all crocs)
Body Temperature Regulation
ectothermic
Reproductive Fertilization & Embryo Development
Internal, amniotic eggs, fewer eggs
Special Adaptations
Reptiles

12. Reptiles

13. Differences between a Amphibians and Reptiles
Moist skin
Often webbed feet (never clawed)
Skin is smooth or bumpy, but must stay wet
Ex: frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians
Reptiles
Dry, scaly skin
Clawed feet
Lungs
Ex: alligators, crocodiles, lizards, tortoises, and turtles

14. Differences between a Crocodile and Alligator
Crocodiles
Narrow, V-shaped snouts
Upper and lower jaws roughly same width
Both upper and lower teeth jut out when their mouth is closed
4th lower tooth of each side sticks out prominently
Alligators
Broad, U-shaped snouts
Upper jaw overlaps their lower jaw
Upper teeth are visible, lower teeth hidden

15. Birds Examples Flapping, non-flapping (gliding & soaring) Habitat
Land warm & cold areas
Integument (covering)
feathers
Respiratory System
Lungs with air sacs
Circulatory System
4 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation
Endothermic (warm blooded)- regulate own temperature independent of surroundings
Reproductive Fertilization & Embryo Development
Internal, amniotic eggs, fewer eggs
Special Adaptations
Flight with wings & hollow bones, beak, foot adaptations
Birds

16. Birds

17. Mammals Examples Egg laying, pouched, placental, flying-bat Habitat
Land and water warm & cold areas
Integument (covering)
Skin, hair or fur, scales
Respiratory System
Lungs and diaphragm
Circulatory System
4 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation
Endothermic
Reproductive Fertilization & Embryo Development
Internal, live birth for placental & pouches, or eggs
Special Adaptations
Mammary glands, large brain, teeth, nearly all habitats
Mammals

18. Mammals