1. Sociology: Your Compass for a New World Robert J. Brym and John Lie Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning © 2003

2. Race and Ethnicity Chapter 8

3. Race and Ethnicity I WRace Is Not a Purely Biological Category WEthnicity Is Not a Purely Cultural Category WBoth Are Socially Constructed Ideas WWe Use Them to Distinguish People Based on Physical or Cultural Differences WThese Distinctions Have Profound Consequences for People’s Lives

4. The Vicious Circle of Racism

5. Race and Ethnicity II WRacial and Ethnic Labels and Identities Are Variables WThey Change Over Time and Place. WRelations Between Racial and Ethnic Groups Affect These Labels and Identities  Cordial Group Relations Hasten the Blending of Racial and Ethnic Labels and Identities

6. Racial and Ethnic Composition, U.S.A., 2000-2050 (projected) Year Millions Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1999f). White Hispanic Black Asian Native

7. Source: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection (2000). Ethnic Groups in the Soviet Union by Republic, 1979

8. Limitations on Ethnic and Racial Blending WRacial and Ethnic Groups Are Blending Over Time As Members of Society Become More Tolerant. WThis Tendency Is Weak Among Members of Highly Disadvantaged Groups. WSuch Groups Remain Highly Segregated in Jobs, Housing, and Social Contacts. WThis Is a Legacy of Slavery, Expulsion, and Legalized Segregation and a Result of Continuing Racism.

9. Advantages of Ethnicity WIdentifying With a Racial or Ethnic Group Can Have Economic, Political, and Emotional Rewards.  This Accounts for the Persistence of Ethnic Identity in Many European-American Families, Even After They Have Been in the U.S. More Than Two Generations.

10. Percent Foreign-Born, U.S.A., 1900-1997 Percent Year Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1993: 2; 1999e) 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997

11. Solutions Racial Equality Can Be Promoted by WAffirmative Action Programs WMore Job Training for Racial Minorities WImprovements in Public Education WSubsidized Health Care WSubsidized Child Care

12. Median Family Income Ratios,Black/White and Hispanic/White, U.S.A., 1947-97 Percent Ratio Source: Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt (1999: 45).

13. White Prejudice and Discrimination Against Blacks, U.S.A., 1972-96 Percent Source: National Opinion Research Center (1999). “During the last few years, has anyone in your family brought a friend who was a Negro/Black/African American) home for dinner” (No) “White people have a right to keep (Negroes/Blacks/African Americans) out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and (Negroes/Blacks/African Americans) should respect that right.” (Agree strongly, agree slightly)

14. Social Standing By Race and Hispanic Origin, U.S.A., 1996 Ratio in percent Indicator of Social Standing Source: U.S. Census Bureau (1998c: 167, 468)

15. Opposition to Affirmative Action, U.S.A., 1998 Percent Source: National Opinion Research Center (1999). “Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without special favors”

16. Six Degree of Separation: Types of Ethnic and Racial Group Relations Source: Adapted from Kornblum (1997 [1988]: 385). INTOLERANCETOLERANCE

17. Percent Opposed to Person of Another Race, Immigrants or Foreign Workers Living Next Door, Twelve Postindustrial Countries, 1990 Percent Source: Nevitte (1996: 231).