1. 1 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 DATABASE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: A VISUAL APPROACH Chapter 4 Normalization Raymond Frost – John Day – Craig Van Slyke

2. 2 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Normalized vs. Denormalized Exhibit 4-1: Arcade Database Normalized vs. Denormalized Design

3. 3 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Denormalized Sample Data Exhibit 4-2: Arcade Database Denormalized Sample Data *note the duplicate entries

4. 4 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Denormalized Design Causes Update Problems Exhibit 4-3: Arcade Database Update Problems Due to Duplicate Data When the password for Thom Luce was changed, it was not changed in both his entries. Which password is the correct password?

5. 5 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Normalized Design Eliminates Update Problems Exhibit 4-4: Arcade Database No Update Problem in Normalized Data

6. 6 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Denormalized Design Creates Insert Problems Exhibit 4-5: Arcade Database Insert Problem Due to Duplicate Data A new member cannot be created unless they have already made a visit, otherwise there would be no primary key value. This field may not be left blank.

7. 7 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Normalized Design Eliminates the Insert Problem Exhibit 4-6: Arcade Database No Insert Problem in Normalized Design

8. 8 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Denormalized Design Creates Delete Problems Exhibit 4-7: Arcade Database Delete Problem Due to Duplicate Data If a member makes only one visit, deleting that record will cause the loss of the member data. Deleting visit 005 would cause the loss of Sean McGann’s member data.

9. 9 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Normalized Design Eliminates the Delete Problem Exhibit 4-8: Arcade Database No Delete Problem in Normalized Design Now, deleting visit 005 would not cause the loss of Sean McGann’s member data.

10. 10 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 First Normal Form (1NF) Exhibit 4-9: 1NF Violation Definition: A table in which all fields contain a single value. The example above would be a violation of the 1NF rule; therefore this table would have to be redesigned.

11. 11 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Fixing Normalization Violations Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Create new table(s) -Rename original table if necessary - Establish relationships between original and new table(s) - Transfer fields and rename as needed - Choose PK and FK for all tables

12. 12 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Solving a 1NF Violation Exhibit 4-10: Arcade Database Solving the 1NF Violation Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Since the phone number column violated the 1NF rule, make a new table to hold phone numbers: DIRECTORY. - A member has multiple phone numbers and a phone number belongs to one member - The phone field is transferred to the DIRECTORY table -The email column in MEMBER becomes a FK (MEMBER$email) in DIRECTORY -The PK in DIRECTORY becomes MEMBER$email and phone since two members could have the same phone number (e.g. two members from the same household).

13. 13 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Tables in 1NF Eliminate Repeating Data Problems Exhibit 4-11: 1NF Solution with Sample Data Now all tables have fields that contain only single values.

14. 14 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Determinants Exhibit 4-12: Primary Key Determines Non-key Fields Determinant: a field or group of fields that controls or determines the values in another field. The value of email will determine the values in all the other fields. That is, if you know someone’s email, you can determine the rest of their information.

15. 15 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Determinants and Duplicate Data Exhibit 4-13: Email Acts as a Determinant Exhibit 4-14: Email Fails to Act as a Determinant When you have duplicate data, knowing someone’s email may not allow you to determine the rest of the data as shown below.

16. 16 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Second Normal Form (2NF) Exhibit 4-15: 2NF Violation Definition: A table in which each non-key field is determined by the whole primary key and not part of the primary key by itself. In this example, once you know a student’s id, you can determine his or her name, dorm, and phone. Therefore, the fname, lname, dorm, and phone non-key fields are determined by just part of the primary key: id.

17. 17 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Update Problem Caused by 2NF Violation Exhibit 4-16: 2NF Violation Creates Update Problem Data not determined by the whole primary key will be duplicated and any updates may not be made to all instances of duplicate data. In this example, we no longer know the correct phone number for Jim Green.

18. 18 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Solving a 2NF Violation Exhibit 4-17: Enrollment Database Solving the 2NF Violation Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Since only name, dorm, and phone belong in the STUDENT table, create a new table (ENROLL) for the registration information. - A student can enroll in many sections but a particular student-section enrollment relates back to one student. - The SECTION$call_no and grade are information about the enrollment. -The id column in STUDENT becomes a FK (STUDENT$id) in ENROLL. -The PK in ENROLL becomes STUDENT$id and SECTION$call_no.

19. 19 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 All Keys Are Now Determinants Exhibit 4-18: Keys Are Now the Only Determinants All the fields in the STUDENT table are determined by the id. In ENROLL, grade is determined by the student + section.

20. 20 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 2NF Solution with Sample Data Exhibit 4-19: 2NF Solution with Sample Data If you a student’s id, you can determine the values in fname, lname, dorm, and phone. If you know the id of a student and the call_no of a section, you can determine the value of grade.

21. 21 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Third Normal Form (3NF) Exhibit 4-20: 3NF Violation Definition: A table in which none of the non-key fields determine another non-key field. In this example, once you know a member’s email, you can determine his or her password, name, and phone number. Therefore, the fname, lname, dorm and phone non-key fields are determined by just part of the primary key: id.

22. 22 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Update Problem Caused by 3NF Violation Exhibit 4-21: 3NF Violation Creates Update Problem By including both member information and visit information in the same table, not all non-key fields are determined by the primary key.

23. 23 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Solving a 3NF Violation Exhibit 4-22: 3NF Solution Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Since only password, name, and phone belong in the MEMBER table, create a new table (VISIT) for the visit information. - A member can make many visits, but a particular visit is associated with one member. - The id, date_time_in, and date_time_out are information about the visit, so move them to the VISIT table. -The email column becomes the PK in MEMBER. -The email column in MEMBER becomes a FK (MEMBER$email) in VISIT. -The PK in VISIT becomes the session id for the visit.

24. 24 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Keys Are Now Determinants Exhibit 4-23: 3NF Solution – Keys Are Now the Only Determinants All the fields in the MEMBER table are determined by email. In VISIT, all non-key fields are determined by id and email.

25. 25 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 3NF Solution With Sample Data Exhibit 4-24: 3NF Solution with Sample Data All the non-key fields are determined only by the primary key.

26. 26 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) Exhibit 4-25: BCNF Violation Definition: Every determinant is a key. In this example, there are two fields that could be determinants for an employee: employee_id and ssn.

27. 27 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Update Problem Caused by a BCNF Violation Exhibit 4-26: BCNF Violation Creates Update Problem Since ssn is a non-key field in this table, it can be easily updated, causing incorrect data.

28. 28 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Solving a BCNF Violation Exhibit 4-27: BCNF Solution Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Since ssn is really information about the employee, it needs to be in the EMPLOYEE table. - An employee can get many bonuses but a particular bonus belongs to just one employee. - Move the ssn field into the EMPLOYEE table. -The primary key for the EMPLOYEE table is the employee’s id.

29. 29 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Keys Are Now Determinants Exhibit 4-28: BCNF Solution – Keys Are Now the Only Determinants All the fields in the EMPLOYEE table are determined by id. In QUARTERLY_BONUS, all non-key fields are determined by id and quarter.

30. 30 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 BCNF Solution With Sample Data Exhibit 4-29: BCNF Solution With Data All the non-key fields are determined only by the primary key

31. 31 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) Exhibit 4-30: 4NF Violation Definition: In an all-key table, part of the key can determine multiple values of, at most, one other field. In this example, email can determine multiple languages or sports associated with an employee. The double-headed arrow indicates a multivalued dependency: one field determining multiple values of another field.

32. 32 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Update Problem Cause by a 4NF Violation Exhibit 4-31: 4NF Violation Creates Update Problem We could not drop Luce’s German certification without losing his sports information since the primary key requires that all three fields have a value.

33. 33 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Solving a 4NF Violation Exhibit 4-32: 4NF Solution Step 1: Tables Step 2: Relationships Step 3: Fields Step 4: Keys -Email must be associated with both languages and sports, so create two new tables: LANGUAGE and SPORT. - These tables would not be directly related, but rather, would be related separately to a member table. - Put language and sport in separate tables each time paired with email. -The primary key for the LANGUAGE table is email and language, -The primary key for the SPORT table is email and sport.

34. 34 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 No More Than One Multi-Valued Determinant Exhibit 4-33: 4NF Solution – Only One MVD per Table Each all-key table only has one part of the key that determines multiple values another field.

35. 35 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 4NF Solution with Sample Data Exhibit 4-34: 4NF Solution with Sample Data Now Luce’s German certification can be dropped without losing his sports information.

36. 36 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 Detecting Normalization Violations Exhibit 4-35: Necessary Conditions for Normal Form Violations These are the conditions under with each type of violation can occur.

37. 37 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 1 Exhibit 4-36: ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 1

38. 38 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 2 Exhibit 4-37: ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 2

39. 39 Database Design and Development: A Visual Approach © 2006 Prentice Hall Chapter 4 ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 3 Exhibit 4-38: ER Diagram for Practice Exercise 3