1. The Constitution Chapter 2 Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Fourteenth Edition
Chapter 2
The Constitution

3. Draw Ohio’s Flag

5. Constitution Definition A constitution is a nation’s basic law
It creates political institutions
Divides powers in government
Sets the broad rules of the game

6. THE “REAL” REVOLUTION (IDEOLOGY )
LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
HUMAN LIBERTY PRECEDED GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH MOST IMPORTANT
THEY REPRESENTED THE PEOPLE

7. Origins of the American Revolutiuon
The Road to Revolution
Tax increases after French and Indian War
Colonists lacked direct representation

8. HOBBES LOCKE ROUSSEAU
The Social Contract

9. Origins of the Constitution

10. DECLARING INDEPENDNCE
Second Continental Congress met
The Declaration of Independence (adopted on July 4, 1776)

11. EARLY U.S POLITICS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)
CH 2 SUM
EARLY U.S POLITICS
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)
WRITTEN BY THOMAS JEFFERSON
PHILOSOPHICAL JUSTIFICATION
LIST OF GRIEVANCES
ACTION TO BE TAKEN
1-PHILOSOPHY
2-GRIEVANCES
3-ACTION

15. The American Revolution
It was a “Conservative” Revolution
Restored rights colonists felt they had lost
Not a major change of government
Winning Independence
Revolutionary War
US wins (Thanks to France, Russia. & others)

16. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
CH 2 SUM
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
WRITTEN IN 1777, RATIFIED IN 1781
“FIRM LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP”
SINGLE-CHAMBER CONGRESS
NO EXECUTIVE
NO NATIONAL COURTS

20. Day 1 goal

21. The Articles of Confederation
First document to govern United States
Government power rested in the states
Confederate Government was weak
TOO
WEAK!

22. WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
NO POWER TO TAX
NO REGULATION OF COMMERCE
EACH STATE INDEPENDENT
ONE VOTE PER STATE
9 / 13 REQUIRED TO PASS LAWS
STATE MILITIA BASED MILITARY
NO JUDICIAL SYSTEM
UNANIMOUS AMENDMENT PROCESS

23. THE CRITICAL PERIOD NAT. GOV’T TOO WEAK ECONOMY WAS STAGNATE
SHAY’S REBELLION
U.S. BEGAN TO DISSOLVE

24. Changes in the States Liberalized voting laws
Expanding economic middle class
Ideas of equality accepted
Concept of ‘democracy’ spread

25. The Miracle at Philadelphia
Members of the Constitutional Convention
55 men from 12 of the 13 states
Mostly wealthy planters and merchants
Most were college graduates with some political experience
Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas

26. Declaration of Independence
56 signers
38 English
18 were non-English
8 were not born in the colonies

28. JAMES MADISON
“FATHER
OF THE
CONSTITUTION”
AND
FOURTH
U.S. PRESIDENT

29. Origins of the Constitution
The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas
Natural rights
Consent of the governed
Limited Government

30. The Philadelphia Convention
Constitution reflected certain beliefs
Self interest is Human Nature
Political conflict lead to factions
The objectives of government, includes preservation of property and community
Nature of Government was to rule

31. Basic Ideas of the Constitution
Separation of powers between three branches.
Checks and balances provide oversight.
Government takes the form of a federal system.
National Powers & State Powers

32. Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws

33. LIMITED GOVERNMENT
DIVIDED POWERS
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
JUDICIAL BRANNCH

34. GEORGE
WASHINGTON
PRESIDING
OFFICER
OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION
AND FIRST
U.S. PRESIDENT

35. NEW JERSEY REPRESENTATIVE TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

36. The Compromises in Philadelphia
Representation of the States
New Jersey Plan—equal representation
Virginia Plan —population-based
Connecticut Compromise
Slavery
Left up to each state
Three-fifths compromise
Slave Trade compromise

45. Day 2
Goal

46. CONSTITUTION CREATED ‘FEDERALISM’

47. CONSTITUTION CREATED A REPUBLIC
NOT A ‘DEMOCRACY’

49. THE FRAMERS' MOTIVATIONS ?
THEIR OWN SELF INTEREST ?
CHARLES BEARD
STATE ECONOMIC CONCERNS ?
MORE RECENT RESEARCH
PRACTICAL POLITICS ? (ROCHE)
HAD TO GET STATES’ APPROVAL

51. EARLY U.S POLITICS BATTLE FOR RATIFICATION (1787-1790) FEDERALISTS
CH 2 SUM
EARLY U.S POLITICS
BATTLE FOR RATIFICATION ( )
FEDERALISTS
HAMILTON / MADISON / JAY
WANTED RATIFICATION
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
JEFFERSON
AGAINST RATIFICATION

53. Ratifying the Constitution
Federalist Papers
85 articles for ratification
Hamilton, Jay, Madison
Bill of Rights promised
Focus on basic liberties
Eventually the first 10 amendments

54. The Constituition & Individual Rights
Protected writ of habeas corpus
No bills of attainder
No ex post facto laws
No religious qualifications for office

57. THE CONSTITUTION & PERSONAL LIBERTY
NO BILL OF RIGHTS
(WHICH LISTS IND. RIGHTS)
LIMITED MANY PEOPLE
BLACKS (SLAVERY)
WOMEN (NO VOTE)
NAT. AMERICANS (NO CIT.)

58. So a Bill of Rights was added

60. Day 3
Goal

61. Article I: Legislative Branch
Bicameral, Senate and House.
Section 8 lists enumerated powers.
Final clause is necessary and proper clause.
This is the basis for Congress’ implied powers.

63. Article II: Executive Branch
President with a four-year term.
Qualifications for and removal from office.
Lists powers of the office.
Commander in chief, treaties, appointments.

64. Article III: Judicial Branch
Establishes only a Supreme Court.
Sets boundaries of Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
Gives Congress power to establish lower courts.

65. INTERSTATE RELATIONS Article IV includes full faith and credit clause.
Articles IV
INTERSTATE RELATIONS
Article IV includes full faith and credit clause.
Article IV includes provisions about new states.

66. Articles V
AMENDMENT PROCESS

68. The Importance of Flexibility
It does not prescribe every detail
The Constitution changes according to needs

69. Constitutional Change
Formal Constitutional Change
Amendment process
Informal Constitutional Change
Judicial Interpretation
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Judicial review
Legislative desires

70. Articles VI
The supremacy clause.

71. Article VII contains provisions for ratification.
Articles VII
Article VII contains provisions for ratification.

74. U.S CONSTITUTION BASED ON THE MADISON MODEL
Goal to stop ‘tyranny of the majority’
Representative Democracy
Limiting Majority Control
Separating Powers
Creating Checks and Balances
Establishing a Federal System

75. The Madisonian Model

78. Understanding the Constitution
The Constitution and Democracy
Gradual democratization of the Constitution
The Constitution & the Scope of Government
Multiple access points for citizens
Encourages stalemate
Limits government

79. Summary
The Constitution strengthen national government powers through compromise.
Protection of individual rights increased through the Bill of Rights.
Formal and informal changes continue to shape our Madisonian system of government.

80. END
NOTES

81. AP CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVES THE CONSTITUTION
1-EXPLAIN THE NOTION OF “HIGHER LAW” BY WHICH THE COLONISTS FELT THEY WERE ENTITLED TO CERTAIN “NATURAL RIGHTS”. ALSO LIST THOSE RIGHTS.
2-COMPARE THE BASIS ON WHICH THE COLONISTS FELT A GOVERNMENT COULD BE LEGITIMATE WITH THE BASIS OF LEGITIMACY THEN ASSUMED BY MONARCHIES.
3-LIST AND DESCRIBE THE SHORTCOMING OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.

82. AP CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVES THE CONSTITUTION
4-COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY PLAN, AND SHOW HOW THEY LED TO THE “GREAT COMPROMISE”, AKA CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE.
5-EXPLAIN WHY SEPARATION OF POWERS AND FEDERALISM BECAME KEY PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION.
6-EXPLAIN WHY A BILL OF RIGHTS WAS NOT INITIALLY INCLUDED IN THE CONSTITUTION AND WHY IT WAS ADDED.
7-LIST AND EXPLAIN THE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ADVOCATED TODAY, ALONG WITH SPECIFIC REFORM MEASURES.

83. AP CHAPTER 2 = IMPORTANT TERMS
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
CHARLES A. BEARD
CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
FEDERALISM
FEDERALIST PAPERS
GREAT COMPROMISE

84. AP CHAPTER 2 = IMPORTANT TERMS
JOHN LOCKE
JAMES MADISON
NATURAL RIGHTS
NEW JERSEY PLAN
SEPARATION OF POWERS
SHAY’S REBELLION
VIRGINIA PLAN

85. AP CHAPTER 2 - IMPORTANT TERMS
AMENDMENT (CONSTITUTIONAL)
ANTIFEDERALISTS
BILL OF ATTAINDER
BILL OF RIGHTS
CHECKS AND BALANCES
COALITION
CONFEDERATION

86. AP CHAPTER 2 - IMPORTANT TERMS
EX POST FACTO LAW
FACTION
JUDICIAL REVIEW
LINE-ITEM VETO
MADISONIAN VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
REPUBLIC
UNALIENABLE RIGHTS
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

87. AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
1-WHY, IF ONE IS CONCERNED WITH PROTECTING HUMAN LIBERTY, WOULD ONE WANT TO MAKE THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT DOMINATE, RATHER THAN THE EXECUTIVE OR JUDICIARY?
2-WHAT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR GOVERNMENT TO ACHIEVE ANYTHING? WHY WERE THEY INCLUDED?

88. AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
3-THE FRAGMENTATION OF POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION (SEPARATION OF POWERS) MAKES THE ENACTMENT OF PUBLIC POLICY A SLOW PROCESS. CAN THE UNITED STATES THRIVE , INDEED SURVIVE, IN A FAST PACED, MODERN NUCLEAR AGE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT RESPOND QUICKLY?
4-HOW DID THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFLECT THE FOUNDERS’ DISTRUST OF DEMOCRACY? WHAT OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL FEATURES LIMITED THE ROLE OF POPULAR MAJORITIES?

89. AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
5-EXPLAIN WHAT JEFFERSON MEANT WHEN HE SAID THE TREE OF LIBERTY MUST BE REFRESHED FROM TIME TO TIME WITH THE BLOOD OF PATRIOTS AND TYRANTS?”